System and method for a multi-primary wide gamut color system

ABSTRACT

Systems and methods for a multi-primary color system for display. A multi-primary color system increases the number of primary colors available in a color system and color system equipment. Increasing the number of primary colors reduces metameric errors from viewer to viewer. One embodiment of the multi-primary color system includes Red, Green, Blue, Cyan, Yellow, and Magenta primaries. The systems of the present invention maintain compatibility with existing color systems and equipment and provide systems for backwards compatibility with older color systems.

CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.17/516,194, filed Nov. 1, 2021, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S.application Ser. No. 17/370,042, filed Jul. 8, 2021, which is acontinuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 17/060,959, filed Oct. 1,2020, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No.17/009,408, filed Sep. 1, 2020, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S.application Ser. No. 16/887,807, filed May 29, 2020, which is acontinuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/860,769, filed Apr.28, 2020, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No.16/853,203, filed Apr. 20, 2020, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 16/831,157, filed Mar. 26, 2020, which is acontinuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/659,307, filed Oct.21, 2019, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,607,527, which is related to and claimspriority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/876,878, filedJul. 22, 2019, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/847,630, filedMay 14, 2019, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/805,705, filedFeb. 14, 2019, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/750,673,filed Oct. 25, 2018, each of which is incorporated herein by referencein its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to color systems, and more specifically toa wide gamut color system with an increased number of primary colors.

2. Description of the Prior Art

It is generally known in the prior art to provide for an increased colorgamut system within a display.

Prior art patent documents include the following:

U.S. Pat. No. 10,222,263 for RGB value calculation device by inventorYasuyuki Shigezane, filed Feb. 6, 2017 and issued Mar. 5, 2019, isdirected to a microcomputer that equally divides the circumference of anRGB circle into 6xn (n is an integer of 1 or more) parts, and calculatesan RGB value of each divided color. (255, 0, 0) is stored as a referenceRGB value of a reference color in a ROM in the microcomputer. Themicrocomputer converts the reference RGB value depending on an angulardifference of the RGB circle between a designated color whose RGB valueis to be found and the reference color, and assumes the converted RGBvalue as an RGB value of the designated color.

U.S. Pat. No. 9,373,305 for Semiconductor device, image processingsystem and program by inventor Hiorfumi Kawaguchi, filed May 29, 2015and issued Jun. 21, 2016, is directed to an image process deviceincluding a display panel operable to provide an input interface forreceiving an input of an adjustment value of at least a part of colorattributes of each vertex of n axes (n is an integer equal to or greaterthan 3) serving as adjustment axes in an RGB color space, and anadjustment data generation unit operable to calculate the degree ofinfluence indicative of a following index of each of the n-axisvertices, for each of the n axes, on a basis of distance between each ofthe n-axis vertices and a target point which is an arbitrary latticepoint in the RGB color space, and operable to calculate adjustedcoordinates of the target point in the RGB color space.

U.S. Publication No. 20130278993 for Color-mixing bi-primary colorsystems for displays by inventors Heikenfeld, et al., filed Sep. 1, 2011and published Oct. 24, 2013, is directed to a display pixel. The pixelincludes first and second substrates arranged to define a channel. Afluid is located within the channel and includes a first colorant and asecond colorant. The first colorant has a first charge and a color. Thesecond colorant has a second charge that is opposite in polarity to thefirst charge and a color that is complimentary to the color of the firstcolorant. A first electrode, with a voltage source, is operably coupledto the fluid and configured to moving one or both of the first andsecond colorants within the fluid and alter at least one spectralproperty of the pixel.

U.S. Pat. No. 8,599,226 for Device and method of data conversion forwide gamut displays by inventors Ben-Chorin, et al., filed Feb. 13, 2012and issued Dec. 3, 2013, is directed to a method and system forconverting color image data from a, for example, three-dimensional colorspace format to a format usable by an n-primary display, wherein n isgreater than or equal to 3. The system may define a two-dimensionalsub-space having a plurality of two-dimensional positions, each positionrepresenting a set of n primary color values and a third, scaleablecoordinate value for generating an n-primary display input signal.Furthermore, the system may receive a three-dimensional color spaceinput signal including out-of range pixel data not reproducible by athree-primary additive display, and may convert the data to side gamutcolor image pixel data suitable for driving the wide gamut colordisplay.

U.S. Pat. No. 8,081,835 for Multiprimary color sub-pixel rendering withmetameric filtering by inventors Elliot, et al., filed Jul. 13, 2010 andissued Dec. 20, 2011, is directed to systems and methods of renderingimage data to multiprimary displays that adjusts image data acrossmetamers. The metamer filtering may be based upon input image contentand may optimize sub-pixel values to improve image rendering accuracy orperception. The optimizations may be made according to many possibledesired effects. The patent discloses a display system comprising: adisplay, said display capable of selecting from a set of image datavalues, said set comprising at least one metamer; an input image dataunit; a spatial frequency detection unit, said spatial frequencydetection unit extracting a spatial frequency characteristic from saidinput image data; and a selection unit, said unit selecting image datafrom said metamer according to said spatial frequency characteristic.

U.S. Pat. No. 7,916,939 for High brightness wide gamut display byinventors Roth, et al., filed Nov. 30, 2009 and issued Mar. 29, 2011, isdirected to a device to produce a color image, the device including acolor filtering arrangement to produce at least four colors, each colorproduced by a filter on a color filtering mechanism having a relativesegment size, wherein the relative segment sizes of at least two of theprimary colors differ.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,769,772 for Six color display apparatus having increasedcolor gamut by inventors Roddy, et al., filed Oct. 11, 2002 and issuedAug. 3, 2004, is directed to a display system for digital color imagesusing six color light sources or two or more multicolor LED arrays orOLEDs to provide an expanded color gamut. Apparatus uses two or morespatial light modulators, which may be cycled between two or more colorlight sources or LED arrays to provide a six-color display output.Pairing of modulated colors using relative luminance helps to minimizeflicker effects.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of this invention to provide an enhancement to thecurrent RGB systems or a replacement for them.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a system forconverting a primary color system for display including a set of imagedata and an image data converter, wherein the set of image data includesprimary color data for at least four primary color values, wherein theat least four primary color values include a first white emitter and asecond white emitter, wherein the first white emitter and the secondwhite emitter have different color temperature values, and wherein theimage data converter is operable to convert the set of image data fordisplay on at least one display device.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a system forconverting a primary color system for display including a set of imagedata and an image data converter, wherein the image data converterincludes a digital interface, wherein the digital interface is operableto encode and decode the set of image data, wherein the set of imagedata includes primary color data for at least four primary color values,wherein the at least four primary color values include a cyan primary,wherein the at least four primary color values further include a firstwhite emitter and a second white emitter, wherein the first whiteemitter and the second white emitter have different color temperaturevalues, and wherein the image data converter is operable to convert theset of image data for display on at least one display device.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides a system forconverting a primary color system for display including a set of imagedata, an image data converter, and a set of Session Description Protocol(SDP) parameters, wherein the set of image data further includes primarycolor data for at least four primary color values, wherein the at leastfour primary color values include at least one white emitter, whereinthe at least one white emitter includes a first white emitter and asecond white emitter, wherein the first white emitter and the secondwhite emitter have different color temperature values, and wherein theimage data converter is operable to convert the set of image data fordisplay on at least one display device.

These and other aspects of the present invention will become apparent tothose skilled in the art after a reading of the following description ofthe preferred embodiment when considered with the drawings, as theysupport the claimed invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed incolor. Copies of this patent or patent application publication withcolor drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and paymentof the necessary fee.

FIG. 1 illustrates one embodiment of a four primary system including ared primary, a green primary, a cyan primary, and a blue primary.

FIG. 2 illustrates one embodiment of a four primary system including ared primary, a first green primary, a second green primary, and a blueprimary.

FIG. 3 illustrates another embodiment of a four primary system includinga red primary, a first green primary, a second green primary, and a blueprimary.

FIG. 4 illustrates one embodiment of a five primary system including ared primary, a green primary, a cyan primary, a blue primary, and awhite emitter.

FIG. 5 illustrates one embodiment of a five primary system including ared primary, a first green primary, a second green primary, a blueprimary, and a white emitter.

FIG. 6 illustrates another embodiment of a five primary system includinga red primary, a first green primary, a second green primary, a blueprimary, and a white emitter.

FIG. 7 illustrates another embodiment of a five primary system includinga red primary, a first green primary, a second green primary, a blueprimary, and a white emitter.

FIG. 8 illustrates one embodiment of a six primary system including ared primary, a green primary, a blue primary, a cyan primary, a magentaprimary, and a yellow primary (“6P-B”) compared to ITU-R BT.709-6.

FIG. 9 illustrates another embodiment of a six primary system includinga red primary, a green primary, a blue primary, a cyan primary, amagenta primary, and a yellow primary (“6P-C”) compared to SMPTE RP431-2for a D60 white point.

FIG. 10 illustrates yet another embodiment of a six primary systemincluding a red primary, a green primary, a blue primary, a cyanprimary, a magenta primary, and a yellow primary (“6P-C”) compared toSMPTE RP431-2 for a D65 white point.

FIG. 11 illustrates Super 6 Pa compared to 6P-C.

FIG. 12 illustrates Super 6Pb compared to Super 6Pa and 6P-C.

FIG. 13 illustrates one embodiment of a six primary system including ared primary, a yellow primary, a green primary, a cyan primary, a blueprimary, and a white emitter.

FIG. 14 illustrates one embodiment of a six primary system including ared primary, a first green primary, a second green primary, a blueprimary, a first white emitter, and a second white emitter.

FIG. 15A illustrates one embodiment of a six primary system including ared primary, a green primary, a blue primary, a first white emitter, asecond white emitter, and a third white emitter.

FIG. 15B illustrates an example of the emission spectra of a six primarysystem including a red primary, a green primary, a blue primary, a firstwhite emitter, a second white emitter, and a third white emitter.

FIG. 15C illustrates an example of the emission spectra of a six primarysystem including a first red primary, a second red primary, a firstgreen primary, a second green primary, a first blue primary, and asecond blue primary.

FIG. 16 illustrates an embodiment of an encode and decode system for amulti-primary color system.

FIG. 17 illustrates a sequential method where three color primaries arepassed to the transport format as full bit level image data and insertedas normal (“System 2”).

FIG. 18 illustrates one embodiment of a system encode and decode processusing a dual link method (“System 3”).

FIG. 19 illustrates one embodiment of an encoding process using a duallink method.

FIG. 20 illustrates one embodiment of a decoding process using a duallink method.

FIG. 21 illustrates one embodiment of a six-primary color system encodeusing a 4:4:4 sampling method.

FIG. 22 illustrates one embodiment for a method to package six channelsof primary information into the three standard primary channels used incurrent serial video standards by modifying bit numbers for a 12-bit SDIand a 10-bit SDI.

FIG. 23 illustrates a simplified diagram estimating perceived viewersensation as code values define each hue angle.

FIG. 24 illustrates one embodiment for a method of stacking/encodingsix-primary color information using a 4:4:4 video system.

FIG. 25 illustrates one embodiment for a method of unstacking/decodingsix-primary color information using a 4:4:4 video system.

FIG. 26 illustrates one embodiment of a 4:4:4 decoder for a six-primarycolor system.

FIG. 27 illustrates one embodiment of an optical filter.

FIG. 28 illustrates another embodiment of an optical filter.

FIG. 29 illustrates an embodiment of the present invention for sendingsix primary colors to a standardized transport format.

FIG. 30 illustrates one embodiment of a decode process adding a pixeldelay to the RGB data for realigning the channels to a common pixeltiming.

FIG. 31 illustrates one embodiment of an encode process for 4:2:2 videofor packaging five channels of information into the standardthree-channel designs.

FIG. 32 illustrates one embodiment for a non-constant luminance encodefor a six-primary color system.

FIG. 33 illustrates one embodiment of a packaging process for asix-primary color system.

FIG. 34 illustrates a 4:2:2 unstack process for a six-primary colorsystem.

FIG. 35 illustrates one embodiment of a process to inversely quantizeeach individual color and pass the data through an electronic opticalfunction transfer (EOTF) in a non-constant luminance system.

FIG. 36 illustrates one embodiment of a constant luminance encode for asix-primary color system.

FIG. 37 illustrates one embodiment of a constant luminance decode for asix-primary color system.

FIG. 38 illustrates one example of 4:2:2 non-constant luminanceencoding.

FIG. 39 illustrates one embodiment of a non-constant luminance decodingsystem.

FIG. 40 illustrates one embodiment of a 4:2:2 constant luminanceencoding system.

FIG. 41 illustrates one embodiment of a 4:2:2 constant luminancedecoding system.

FIG. 42 illustrates a raster encoding diagram of sample placements for asix-primary color system.

FIG. 43 illustrates one embodiment of the six-primary color unstackprocess in a 4:2:2 video system.

FIG. 44 illustrates one embodiment of mapping input to the six-primarycolor system unstack process.

FIG. 45 illustrates one embodiment of mapping the output of asix-primary color system decoder.

FIG. 46 illustrates one embodiment of mapping the RGB decode for asix-primary color system.

FIG. 47 illustrates one embodiment of an unstack system for asix-primary color system.

FIG. 48 illustrates one embodiment of a legacy RGB decoder for asix-primary, non-constant luminance system.

FIG. 49 illustrates one embodiment of a legacy RGB decoder for asix-primary, constant luminance system.

FIG. 50 illustrates one embodiment of a six-primary color system withoutput to a legacy RGB system.

FIG. 51 illustrates one embodiment of six-primary color output using anon-constant luminance decoder.

FIG. 52 illustrates one embodiment of a legacy RGB process within asix-primary color system.

FIG. 53 illustrates one embodiment of packing six-primary color systemimage data into an IC_(T)C_(P) (ITP) format.

FIG. 54 illustrates one embodiment of a six-primary color systemconverting RGBCYM image data into XYZ image data for an ITP format.

FIG. 55 illustrates one embodiment of six-primary color mapping withSMPTE ST424.

FIG. 56 illustrates one embodiment of a six-primary color system readoutfor a SMPTE ST424 standard.

FIG. 57 illustrates a process of 2160p transport over 12G-SDI.

FIG. 58 illustrates one embodiment for mapping RGBCYM data to the SMPTEST2082 standard for a six-primary color system.

FIG. 59 illustrates one embodiment for mapping Y_(RGB) Y_(CYM) C_(R)C_(B) C_(C) C_(Y) data to the SMPTE ST2082 standard for a six-primarycolor system.

FIG. 60 illustrates one embodiment for mapping six-primary color systemdata using the SMPTE ST292 standard.

FIG. 61 illustrates one embodiment of the readout for a six-primarycolor system using the SMPTE ST292 standard.

FIG. 62 illustrates modifications to the SMPTE ST352 standards for asix-primary color system.

FIG. 63 illustrates modifications to the SMPTE ST2022 standard for asix-primary color system.

FIG. 64 illustrates a table of 4:4:4 sampling for a six-primary colorsystem for a 10-bit video system.

FIG. 65 illustrates a table of 4:4:4 sampling for a six-primary colorsystem for a 12-bit video system.

FIG. 66 illustrates sequence substitutions for 10-bit and 12-bit videoin 4:2:2 sampling systems in a Y Cb Cr Cc Cy color space.

FIG. 67 illustrates sample placements of six-primary system componentsfor a 4:2:2 sampling system image.

FIG. 68 illustrates sequence substitutions for 10-bit and 12-bit videoin 4:2:0 sampling systems using a Y Cb Cr Cc Cy color space.

FIG. 69 illustrates sample placements of six-primary system componentsfor a 4:2:0 sampling system image.

FIG. 70 illustrates modifications to SMPTE ST2110-20 for a 10-bitsix-primary color system in 4:4:4 video.

FIG. 71 illustrates modifications to SMPTE ST2110-20 for a 12-bitsix-primary color system in 4:4:4 video.

FIG. 72 illustrates modifications to SMPTE ST2110-20 for a 10-bit sixprimary color system in 4:2:2 video.

FIG. 73 illustrates modifications to SMPTE ST2110-20 for a 12-bitsix-primary color system in 4:2:0 video.

FIG. 74 illustrates an RGB sampling transmission for a 4:4:4 samplingsystem.

FIG. 75 illustrates a RGBCYM sampling transmission for a 4:4:4 samplingsystem.

FIG. 76 illustrates an example of System 2 to RGBCYM 4:4:4 transmission.

FIG. 77 illustrates a Y Cb Cr sampling transmission using a 4:2:2sampling system.

FIG. 78 illustrates a Y Cr Cb Cc Cy sampling transmission using a 4:2:2sampling system.

FIG. 79 illustrates an example of a System 2 to Y Cr Cb Cc Cy 4:2:2Transmission as non-constant luminance.

FIG. 80 illustrates a Y Cb Cr sampling transmission using a 4:2:0sampling system.

FIG. 81 illustrates a Y Cr Cb Cc Cy sampling transmission using a 4:2:0sampling system.

FIG. 82 illustrates a dual stack LCD projection system for a six-primarycolor system.

FIG. 83 illustrates one embodiment of a single projector.

FIG. 84 illustrates a six-primary color system using a single projectorand reciprocal mirrors.

FIG. 85 illustrates a dual stack DMD projection system for a six-primarycolor system.

FIG. 86 illustrates one embodiment of a single DMD projector solution.

FIG. 87 illustrates one embodiment of a color filter array for asix-primary color system with a white OLED monitor.

FIG. 88 illustrates one embodiment of an optical filter array for asix-primary color system with a white OLED monitor.

FIG. 89 illustrates one embodiment of a matrix of an LCD drive for asix-primary color system with a backlight illuminated LCD monitor.

FIG. 90 illustrates one embodiment of an optical filter array for asix-primary color system with a backlight illuminated LCD monitor.

FIG. 91 illustrates an array for a Quantum Dot (QD) display device.

FIG. 92 illustrates one embodiment of an array for a six-primary colorsystem for use with a direct emissive assembled display.

FIG. 93 illustrates one embodiment of a six-primary color system in anemissive display that does not incorporate color filtered subpixels.

FIG. 94 illustrates another embodiment of a four primary systemincluding red primary, a green primary, a cyan primary, and a blueprimary.

FIG. 95 illustrates one embodiment of a five primary system including ared primary, a first green primary, a second green primary, a blueprimary, and a cyan primary.

FIG. 96 illustrates one embodiment of a six primary system including ared primary, a first green primary, a second green primary, a blueprimary, a cyan primary, and a yellow primary.

FIG. 97 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of the inventionillustrating a computer system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention is generally directed to a multi-primary colorsystem.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a system forconverting a primary color system for display including a set of imagedata and an image data converter, wherein the set of image data includesprimary color data for at least four primary color values, wherein theat least four primary color values include a first white emitter and asecond white emitter, wherein the first white emitter and the secondwhite emitter have different color temperature values, and wherein theimage data converter is operable to convert the set of image data fordisplay on at least one display device. In one embodiment, the firstwhite emitter and the second white emitter are selected from a groupconsisting of a D65 white emitter, a D60 white emitter, a D45 whiteemitter, a D27 white emitter, and a D25 white emitter. In oneembodiment, the at least four primary color values include a redprimary, a green primary, a cyan primary, and a blue primary. In oneembodiment, the at least four primary color values include a redprimary, a first green primary, a second green primary, and a blueprimary, wherein the first green primary and the second green primaryhave different chromaticity values. In one embodiment, the at least fourprimary color values include a red primary, a yellow primary, a greenprimary, a cyan primary, and a blue primary. In one embodiment, the atleast four primary color values include a red primary, a green primary,a blue primary, a cyan primary, a magenta primary, and a yellow primary.In one embodiment, the set of image data defines a minimum colorluminance and a maximum color luminance. In one embodiment, the at leastfour primary color values are operable to be expressed using atristimulus color vector, a linear display control vector, and aconversion matrix. In one embodiment, the image data converter includesa digital interface, wherein the digital interface encodes and decodesthe set of image data using at least one color difference component, andwherein the at least one color difference component is operable forup-sampling and/or down-sampling. In one embodiment, the at least fourprimary color values include a third white emitter, wherein the thirdwhite emitter has a different color temperature than the first whiteemitter and the second white emitter. In one embodiment, the at leastfour primary color values include a magenta primary, and wherein themagenta primary is derived from the set of image data. In oneembodiment, the at least four primary color values include a first redprimary, a second red primary, a first green primary, a second greenprimary, a first blue primary, and a second blue primary. In oneembodiment, the first red primary, the first green primary, and thefirst blue primary are narrow band primaries, and wherein the second redprimary, the second green primary, and the second blue primary are wideband primaries.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a system forconverting a primary color system for display including a set of imagedata and an image data converter, wherein the image data converterincludes a digital interface, wherein the digital interface is operableto encode and decode the set of image data, wherein the set of imagedata includes primary color data for at least four primary color values,wherein the at least four primary color values include a cyan primary,wherein the at least four primary color values further include a firstwhite emitter and a second white emitter, wherein the first whiteemitter and the second white emitter have different color temperaturevalues, and wherein the image data converter is operable to convert theset of image data for display on at least one display device. In oneembodiment, the cyan primary is positioned to limit maximum saturation.In one embodiment, the cyan primary is positioned by expanding a set ofhue angles.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides a system forconverting a primary color system for display including a set of imagedata, an image data converter, and a set of Session Description Protocol(SDP) parameters, wherein the set of image data further includes primarycolor data for at least four primary color values, wherein the at leastfour primary color values include at least one white emitter, whereinthe at least one white emitter includes a first white emitter and asecond white emitter, wherein the first white emitter and the secondwhite emitter have different color temperature values, and wherein theimage data converter is operable to convert the set of image data fordisplay on at least one display device. In one embodiment, the at leastone white emitter includes a mid-Kelvin white emitter. In oneembodiment, the mid-Kelvin white emitter is modified to include a greenbias. In one embodiment, the at least one white emitter includes atleast one broadband white emitter.

The present invention relates to color systems. A multitude of colorsystems are known, but they continue to suffer numerous issues. Asimaging technology is moving forward, there has been a significantinterest in expanding the range of colors that are replicated onelectronic displays. Enhancements to the television system have expandedfrom the early CCIR 601 standard to ITU-R BT.709-6, to SMPTE RP431-2,and ITU-R BT.2020. Each one has increased the gamut of visible colors byexpanding the distance from the reference white point to the position ofthe Red (R), Green (G), and Blue (B) color primaries (collectively knownas “RGB”) in chromaticity space. While this approach works, it hasseveral disadvantages. When implemented in content presentation, issuesarise due to the technical methods used to expand the gamut of colorsseen (typically using a more-narrow emissive spectrum) can result inincreased viewer metameric errors and require increased power due tolower illumination source. These issues increase both capital andoperational costs.

With the current available technologies, displays are limited in respectto their range of color and light output. There are many misconceptionsregarding how viewers interpret the display output technically versusreal-world sensations viewed with the human eye. The reason we see morethan just the three emitting primary colors is because the eye combinesthe spectral wavelengths incident on it into the three bands. Humansinterpret the radiant energy (spectrum and amplitude) from a display andprocess it so that an individual color is perceived. The display doesnot emit a color or a specific wavelength that directly relates to thesensation of color. It simply radiates energy at the same spectrum whichhumans sense as light and color. It is the observer who interprets thisenergy as color.

When the CIE 2° standard observer was established in 1931, commonunderstanding of color sensation was that the eye used red, blue, andgreen cone receptors (James Maxwell & James Forbes 1855). Later with theMunsell vision model (Munsell 1915), Munsell described the vision systemto include three separate components: luminance, hue, and saturation.Using RGB emitters or filters, these three primary colors are thecomponents used to produce images on today's modern electronic displays.

There are three primary physical variables that affect sensation ofcolor. These are the spectral distribution of radiant energy as it isabsorbed into the retina, the sensitivity of the eye in relation to theintensity of light landing on the retinal pigment epithelium, and thedistribution of cones within the retina. The distribution of cones(e.g., L cones, M cones, and S cones) varies considerably from person toperson.

Enhancements in brightness have been accomplished through largerbacklights or higher efficiency phosphors. Encoding of higher dynamicranges is addressed using higher range, more perceptually uniformelectro-optical transfer functions to support these enhancements tobrightness technology, while wider color gamuts are produced by usingnarrow bandwidth emissions. Narrower bandwidth emitters result in theviewer experiencing higher color saturation. But there can be adisconnect between how saturation is produced and how it is controlled.What is believed to occur when changing saturation is that increasingcolor values of a color primary represents an increase to saturation.This is not true, as changing saturation requires the variance of acolor primary spectral output as parametric. There are no variablespectrum displays available to date as the technology to do so has notbeen commercially developed, nor has the new infrastructure required tosupport this been discussed.

Instead, the method that a display changes for viewer color sensation isby changing color luminance. As data values increase, the color primarygets brighter. Changes to color saturation are accomplished by varyingthe brightness of all three primaries and taking advantage of thedominant color theory.

Expanding color primaries beyond RGB has been discussed before. Therehave been numerous designs of multi-primary displays. For example, SHARPhas attempted this with their four-color QUATTRON TV systems by adding ayellow color primary and developing an algorithm to drive it. Anotherfour primary color display was proposed by Matthew Brennesholtz whichincluded an additional cyan primary, and a six primary display wasdescribed by Yan Xiong, Fei Deng, Shan Xu, and Sufang Gao of the Schoolof Physics and Optoelectric Engineering at the Yangtze UniversityJingzhou China. In addition, AU OPTRONICS has developed a five primarydisplay technology. SONY has also recently disclosed a camera designfeaturing RGBCMY (red, green, blue, cyan, magenta, and yellow) andRGBCMYW (red, green, blue cyan, magenta, yellow, and white) sensors.

Actual working displays have been shown publicly as far back as the late1990's, including samples from Tokyo Polytechnic University, Nagoya CityUniversity, and Genoa Technologies. However, all of these systems areexclusive to their displays, and any additional color primaryinformation is limited to the display's internal processing.

Additionally, the Visual Arts System for Archiving and Retrieval ofImages (VASARI) project developed a colorimetric scanner system fordirect digital imaging of paintings. The system provides more accuratecoloring than conventional film, allowing it to replace filmphotography. Despite the project beginning in 1989, technicaldevelopments have continued. Additional information is available athttps://www.southampton.ac.uk/˜km2/projs/vasari/ (last accessed Mar. 30,2020), which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

None of the prior art discloses developing additional color primaryinformation outside of the display. Moreover, the system driving thedisplay is often proprietary to the demonstration. In each of theseexecutions, nothing in the workflow is included to acquire or generateadditional color primary information. The development of a multi-primarycolor system is not complete if the only part of the system thatsupports the added primaries is within the display itself.

Referring now to the drawings in general, the illustrations are for thepurpose of describing one or more preferred embodiments of the inventionand are not intended to limit the invention thereto.

Additional details about multi-primary systems are available in U.S.Pat. No. 10,607,527 and U.S. Publication No. 20200251039, each of whichis incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

The multi-primary system of the present invention includes at least fourprimaries. The at least four primaries preferably include at least onered primary, at least one green primary, and/or at least one blueprimary. In one embodiment, the at least four primaries include a cyanprimary, a magenta primary, and/or a yellow primary.

In one embodiment, the at least four primaries include at least onewhite emitter. In one embodiment, the at least one white emitterincludes a D65 white emitter, a D60 white emitter, a D45 white emitter,a D27 white emitter, and/or a D25 white emitter. Advantageously, using aD65 white emitter eliminates most of the problems with metamerism. In apreferred embodiment, the at least one white emitter is a single whiteemitter that matches the white point (e.g., a D65 white emitter for aD65 white point). In another embodiment, the at least one white emitteris at least two white emitters. The at least two white emitters arepreferably separated such that a linear combination of the at least twowhite emitters covers a desired white Kelvin range. In one embodiment,the at least two white emitters include a D65 white emitter and a D27white emitter. In another embodiment, the at least two white emittersinclude a D65 white emitter and a D25 white emitter.

In yet another embodiment, the at least two white emitters include threewhite emitters. In one embodiment, the three white emitters include aD65 white emitter, a D45 white emitter, and a D27 white emitter.Alternatively, the three white emitters include a D65 white emitter, amid-Kelvin white emitter (e.g., D45), and a D27 white emitter. In apreferred embodiment, the mid-Kelvin white emitter includes a greenbias. Advantageously, the green bias compensates for the slight magentashift (e.g., when going from D25 to D65 with the straight line betweenthe two points below the blackbody locus). Colors near the white locusand beyond are then a combination of the at least two white emitters(e.g., two white emitters, three white emitters). A majority of colorswill have a white component that is broad band. Therefore, the resultantspectra of a mixture of color primaries and white primaries will also bebroad band with an extent dependent on an amount of the at least onewhite primary. A higher broad band character of light results in fewermetameric problems. This is due to a white point being comprised of acombination of color primaries (e.g., RGB, CMY, RGBC, RGBCMY, etc.) in anon-white emitter system. Total luminance is then related to intensitiesof the color primaries (e.g., RGB, CMY, RGBC, RGBCMY, etc.).

Advantageously, if at least one white emitter is included, increasedluminance can be achieved separate from the color primaries.Additionally, colors such as vibrantly colored pastels are attained byusing the color primaries to “color shift” a bright white to the pastel.Alternatively, a fine balance of the color primaries is required, andsmall changes in a ratio of the color primaries will produce an unwantedcolor shift. Thus, a system with at least one white emitter is moretolerant to minor variations of intensity of the color primaries.

4 Primary Systems

In one embodiment, the multi-primary system includes four primaries. Inone embodiment, the four primaries include a red primary, a greenprimary, a cyan primary, and a blue primary. In one embodiment, the redprimary has a dominant wavelength of 615 nm, the green primary has adominant wavelength of 545 nm, the cyan primary has a dominantwavelength of 493 nm, and the blue primary has a dominant wavelength of465 nm as shown in Table 1. In one embodiment, the dominant wavelengthis approximately (e.g., within ±10%) the value listed in the tablebelow. Alternatively, the dominant wavelength is within ±5% of the valuelisted in the table below. In yet another embodiment, the dominantwavelength is within ±2% of the value listed in the table below.

TABLE 1 x y u′ v′

R 0.680 0.320 0.496 0.526 615 nm G 0.265 0.690 0.099 0.578 545 nm C0.163 0.342 0.096 0.454 493 nm B 0.150 0.060 0.175 0.158 465 nm

FIG. 1 illustrates one embodiment of a four primary system including ared primary, a green primary, a cyan primary, and a blue primary. Theexample shown in FIG. 1 uses the values shown in Table 1.

In another embodiment, the red primary has a dominant wavelength of 630nm, the green primary has a dominant wavelength of 532 nm, the cyanprimary has a dominant wavelength of 492 nm, and the blue primary has adominant wavelength of 467 nm as shown in Table 2. In one embodiment,the dominant wavelength is approximately (e.g., within ±10%) the valuelisted in the table below. Alternatively, the dominant wavelength iswithin ±5% of the value listed in the table below. In yet anotherembodiment, the dominant wavelength is within ±2% of the value listed inthe table below. The cyan primary is preferably positioned to maximizean area of a triangle formed between the green primary, the cyanprimary, and the blue primary.

TABLE 2 x y u′ v′

R 0.7079 0.2920 0.5565 0.5165 630 nm G 0.1702 0.7965 0.0557 0.5867 532nm C 0.0362 0.3399 0.0207 0.4366 492 nm B 0.1314 0.0459 0.1598 0.1256467 nm

FIG. 94 illustrates another embodiment of a four primary systemincluding red primary, a green primary, a cyan primary, and a blueprimary. The example shown in FIG. 94 uses the values shown in Table 2.

In another embodiment, the four primaries include a red primary, a firstgreen primary, a second green primary, and a blue primary. In oneembodiment, the red primary has a dominant wavelength of 615 nm, thefirst green primary has a dominant wavelength of 525 nm, the secondgreen primary has a dominant wavelength of 550 nm, and the blue primaryhas a dominant wavelength of 465 nm as shown in Table 3. In oneembodiment, the dominant wavelength is approximately (e.g., within ±10%)the value listed in the table below. Alternatively, the dominantwavelength is within ±5% of the value listed in the table below. In yetanother embodiment, the dominant wavelength is within ±2% of the valuelisted in the table below.

TABLE 3 x y u′ v′

R 0.680 0.320 0.496 0.526 615 nm G1 0.300 0.700 0.111 0.583 525 nm G20.150 0.720 0.053 0.571 550 nm B 0.150 0.060 0.175 0.158 465 nm

FIG. 2 illustrates one embodiment of a four primary system including ared primary, a first green primary, a second green primary, and a blueprimary. The example shown in FIG. 2 uses the values shown in Table 3.

In another embodiment, the red primary has a dominant wavelength of 615nm, the first green primary has a dominant wavelength of 520 nm, thesecond green primary has a dominant wavelength of 550 nm, and the blueprimary has a dominant wavelength of 465 nm as shown in Table 4. In oneembodiment, the dominant wavelength is approximately (e.g., within ±10%)the value listed in the table below. Alternatively, the dominantwavelength is within ±5% of the value listed in the table below. In yetanother embodiment, the dominant wavelength is within ±2% of the valuelisted in the table below.

TABLE 4 x y u′ v′

R 0.680 0.320 0.496 0.526 615 nm G1 0.302 0.692 0.113 0.582 520 nm G20.074 0.834 0.023 0.584 550 nm B 0.150 0.060 0.175 0.158 465 nm

FIG. 3 illustrates another embodiment of a four primary system includinga red primary, a first green primary, a second green primary, and a blueprimary. The example shown in FIG. 3 uses the values shown in Table 4.

5 Primary Systems

In one embodiment, the multi-primary system includes five primaries. Inone embodiment, the five primaries include a red primary, a greenprimary, a cyan primary, a blue primary, and a white emitter. In oneembodiment, the white emitter is a D65 emitter. In one embodiment, thered primary has a dominant wavelength of 615 nm, the green primary has adominant wavelength of 545 nm, the cyan primary has a dominantwavelength of 493 nm, and the blue primary has a dominant wavelength of465 nm as shown in Table 5. In one embodiment, the dominant wavelengthis approximately (e.g., within ±10%) the value listed in the tablebelow. Alternatively, the dominant wavelength is within ±5% of the valuelisted in the table below. In yet another embodiment, the dominantwavelength is within ±2% of the value listed in the table below.

TABLE 5 x y u′ v′

W (D65) 0.313 0.329 0.198 0.468 R 0.680 0.320 0.496 0.526 615 nm G 0.2650.690 0.099 0.578 545 nm C 0.163 0.342 0.096 0.454 493 nm B 0.150 0.0600.175 0.158 465 nm

FIG. 4 illustrates one embodiment of a five primary system including ared primary, a green primary, a cyan primary, a blue primary, and awhite emitter. The example shown in FIG. 4 uses the values shown inTable 5.

In another embodiment, the five primaries include a red primary, ayellow primary, a green primary, a cyan primary, and a blue primary. Inone embodiment, the red primary has a dominant wavelength of 615 nm, theyellow primary has a dominant wavelength of 570 nm, the green primaryhas a dominant wavelength of 545 nm, the cyan primary has a dominantwavelength of 493 nm, and the blue primary has a dominant wavelength of465 nm as shown in Table 6. In one embodiment, the dominant wavelengthis approximately (e.g., within ±10%) the value listed in the tablebelow. Alternatively, the dominant wavelength is within ±5% of the valuelisted in the table below. In yet another embodiment, the dominantwavelength is within ±2% of the value listed in the table below.

TABLE 6 x y u′ v′

R 0.680 0.320 0.496 0.526 615 nm Y 0.450 0.547 0.208 0.568 570 nm G0.265 0.690 0.099 0.578 545 nm C 0.163 0.342 0.096 0.454 493 nm B 0.1500.060 0.175 0.158 465 nm

FIG. 5 illustrates another embodiment of a five primary system includinga red primary, a yellow primary, a green primary, a cyan primary, and ablue primary. The example shown in FIG. 5 uses the values shown in Table6.

In yet another embodiment, the five primaries include a red primary, afirst green primary, a second green primary, a blue primary, and a whiteemitter. In one embodiment, the white emitter is a D65 emitter. In oneembodiment, the red primary has a dominant wavelength of 615 nm, thefirst green primary has a dominant wavelength of 525 nm, the secondgreen primary has a dominant wavelength of 550 nm, and the blue primaryhas a dominant wavelength of 465 nm as shown in Table 7. In oneembodiment, the dominant wavelength is approximately (e.g., within ±10%)the value listed in the table below. Alternatively, the dominantwavelength is within ±5% of the value listed in the table below. In yetanother embodiment, the dominant wavelength is within ±2% of the valuelisted in the table below.

TABLE 7 x y u′ v′

W (D65) 0.313 0.329 0.198 0.468 R 0.680 0.320 0.496 0.526 615 nm G10.300 0.700 0.111 0.583 525 nm G2 0.150 0.720 0.053 0.571 550 nm B 0.1500.060 0.175 0.158 465 nm

FIG. 6 illustrates another embodiment of a five primary system includinga red primary, a first green primary, a second green primary, a blueprimary, and a white emitter. The example shown in FIG. 6 uses thevalues shown in Table 7.

In another embodiment, the red primary has a dominant wavelength of 615nm, the first green primary has a dominant wavelength of 520 nm, thesecond green primary has a dominant wavelength of 550 nm, and the blueprimary has a dominant wavelength of 465 nm as shown in Table 8. In oneembodiment, the dominant wavelength is approximately (e.g., within ±10%)the value listed in the table below. Alternatively, the dominantwavelength is within ±5% of the value listed in the table below. In yetanother embodiment, the dominant wavelength is within ±2% of the valuelisted in the table below.

TABLE 8 x y u′ v′

W (D65) 0.313 0.329 0.198 0.468 R 0.680 0.320 0.496 0.526 615 nm G10.302 0.692 0.113 0.582 520 nm G2 0.150 0.720 0.053 0.571 550 nm B 0.1500.060 0.175 0.158 465 nm

FIG. 7 illustrates another embodiment of a five primary system includinga red primary, a first green primary, a second green primary, a blueprimary, and a white emitter. The example shown in FIG. 7 uses thevalues shown in Table 8.

In still another embodiment, the five primaries include a red primary, afirst green primary, a second green primary, a blue primary, and a cyanprimary. In one embodiment, the red primary has a dominant wavelength of630 nm, the first green primary has a dominant wavelength of 532 nm, thesecond green primary has a dominant wavelength of 510 nm, the blueprimary has a dominant wavelength of 467 nm, and the cyan primary has adominant wavelength of 492 nm as shown in Table 9. In one embodiment,the dominant wavelength is approximately (e.g., within ±10%) the valuelisted in the table below. Alternatively, the dominant wavelength iswithin ±5% of the value listed in the table below. In yet anotherembodiment, the dominant wavelength is within ±2% of the value listed inthe table below. The first green primary and the second green primaryare preferably positioned to maximize an area in the green region (e.g.,larger width in the green region).

TABLE 9 x y u' v'

R 0.7079 0.2920 0.5565 0.5165 630 nm G1 0.1702 0.7965 0.0557 0.5867 532nm G2 0.0139 0.7502 0.0046 0.5638 510 nm B 0.1314 0.0459 0.1598 0.1256467 nm C 0.0362 0.3399 0.0207 0.4366 492 nm

FIG. 95 illustrates one embodiment of a five primary system including ared primary, a first green primary, a second green primary, a blueprimary, and a cyan primary. The example shown in FIG. 95 uses thevalues shown in Table 9.

6 Primary Systems

In one embodiment, the multi-primary system includes six primaries. Inone preferred embodiment, the six primaries include a red primary, agreen primary, a blue primary, a cyan primary, a magenta primary, and ayellow primary.

6P-B

6P-B is a color set that uses the same RGB values that are defined inthe ITU-R BT.709-6 television standard. The gamut includes these RGBprimary colors and then adds three more color primaries orthogonal tothese based on the white point. The white point used in 6P-B is D65 (ISO11664-2).

In one embodiment, the red primary has a dominant wavelength of 609 nm,the yellow primary has a dominant wavelength of 571 nm, the greenprimary has a dominant wavelength of 552 nm, the cyan primary has adominant wavelength of 491 nm, and the blue primary has a dominantwavelength of 465 nm as shown in Table 10. In one embodiment, thedominant wavelength is approximately (e.g., within ±10%) the valuelisted in the table below. Alternatively, the dominant wavelength iswithin ±5% of the value listed in the table below. In yet anotherembodiment, the dominant wavelength is within ±2% of the value listed inthe table below.

TABLE 10 x y u' v'

W (D65) 0.3127 0.3290 0.1978 0.4683 R 0.6400 0.3300 0.4507 0.5228 609 nmG 0.3000 0.6000 0.1250 0.5625 552 nm B 0.1500 0.0600 0.1754 0.1578 464nm C 0.1655 0.3270 0.1041 0.4463 491 nm M 0.3221 0.1266 0.3325 0.2940 Y0.4400 0.5395 0.2047 0.5649 571 nm

FIG. 8 illustrates 6P-B compared to ITU-R BT.709-6.

6P-C

6P-C is based on the same RGB primaries defined in SMPTE RP431-2projection recommendation. Each gamut includes these RGB primary colorsand then adds three more color primaries orthogonal to these based onthe white point. The white point used in 6P-B is D65 (ISO 11664-2). Twoversions of 6P-C are used. One is optimized for a D60 white point (SMPTEST2065-1), and the other is optimized for a D65 white point.

In one embodiment, the red primary has a dominant wavelength of 615 nm,the yellow primary has a dominant wavelength of 570 nm, the greenprimary has a dominant wavelength of 545 nm, the cyan primary has adominant wavelength of 493 nm, and the blue primary has a dominantwavelength of 465 nm as shown in Table 11. In one embodiment, thedominant wavelength is approximately (e.g., within ±10%) the valuelisted in the table below. Alternatively, the dominant wavelength iswithin ±5% of the value listed in the table below. In yet anotherembodiment, the dominant wavelength is within ±2% of the value listed inthe table below.

TABLE 11 x y u' v'

W (D60) 0.3217 0.3377 0.2008 0.4742 R 0.6800 0.3200 0.4964 0.5256 615 nmG 0.2650 0.6900 0.0980 0.5777 545 nm B 0.1500 0.0600 0.1754 0.1579 465nm C 0.1627 0.3419 0.0960 0.4540 493 nm M 0.3523 0.1423 0.3520 0.3200 Y0.4502 0.5472 0.2078 0.5683 570 nm

FIG. 9 illustrates 6P-C compared to SMPTE RP431-2 for a D60 white point.

In one embodiment, the red primary has a dominant wavelength of 615 nm,the yellow primary has a dominant wavelength of 570 nm, the greenprimary has a dominant wavelength of 545 nm, the cyan primary has adominant wavelength of 423 nm, and the blue primary has a dominantwavelength of 465 nm as shown in Table 12. In one embodiment, thedominant wavelength is approximately (e.g., within ±10%) the valuelisted in the table below. Alternatively, the dominant wavelength iswithin ±5% of the value listed in the table below. In yet anotherembodiment, the dominant wavelength is within ±2% of the value listed inthe table below.

TABLE 12 x y u' v'

W (D65) 0.3127 0.3290 0.1978 0.4683 R 0.6800 0.3200 0.4964 0.5256 615 nmG 0.2650 0.6900 0.0980 0.5777 545 nm B 0.1500 0.0600 0.1754 0.1579 465nm C 0.1617 0.3327 0.0970 0.4490 492 nm M 0.3383 0.1372 0.3410 0.3110 Y0.4470 0.5513 0.2050 0.5689 570 nm

FIG. 10 illustrates 6P-C compared to SMPTE RP431-2 for a D65 whitepoint.

Super 6P

One of the advantages of ITU-R BT.2020 is that it can include all of thePointer colors and that increasing primary saturation in a six-colorprimary design could also do this. Pointer is described in “The Gamut ofReal Surface Colors, M. R. Pointer, Published in Colour Research andApplication Volume #5, Issue #3 (1980), which is incorporated herein byreference in its entirety. However, extending the 6P gamut beyond SMPTERP431-2 (“6P-C”) adds two problems. The first problem is the requirementto narrow the spectrum of the extended primaries. The second problem isthe complexity of designing a backwards compatible system using colorprimaries that are not related to current standards. But in some cases,there may be a need to extend the gamut beyond 6P-C and avoid theseproblems. If the goal is to encompass Pointer's data set, then it ispossible to keep most of the 6P-C system and only change the cyan colorprimary position. In one embodiment, the cyan color primary position islocated so that the gamut edge encompasses all of Pointer's data set. Inanother embodiment, the cyan color primary position is a location thatlimits maximum saturation. With 6P-C, cyan is positioned as u′=0.096,v′=0.454. In one embodiment of Super 6P, cyan is moved to u′=0.075,v′=0.430 (“Super 6 Pa” (S6 Pa)). Advantageously, this creates a newgamut that covers Pointer's data set almost in its entirety. FIG. 11illustrates Super 6 Pa compared to 6P-C.

Table 13 is a table of values for Super 6 Pa. The definition of x, y aredescribed in ISO 11664-3:2012/CIE S 014 Part 3, which is incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety. The definition of u′,v′ aredescribed in ISO 11664-5:2016/CIE S 014 Part 5, which is incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety. λ defines each color primary asdominant color wavelength for RGB and complementary wavelengths CMY.

TABLE 13 x y u' v'

W (D60) 0.3217 0.3377 0.2008 0.4742 W (D65) 0.3127 0.3290 0.1978 0.4683R 0.6800 0.3200 0.4964 0.5256 615 nm G 0.2650 0.6900 0.0980 0.5777 545nm B 0.1500 0.0600 0.1754 0.1579 465 nm C 0.1211 0.3088 0.0750 0.4300490 nm M 0.3523 0.1423 0.3520 0.3200 Y 0.4502 0.5472 0.2078 0.5683 570nm

In an alternative embodiment, the saturation is expanded on the same hueangle as 6P-C as shown in FIG. 12. Advantageously, this makes backwardcompatibility less complicated. However, this requires much moresaturation (i.e., narrower spectra). In another embodiment of Super 6P,cyan is moved to u′=0.067, v′=0.449 (“Super 6Pb” (S6Pb)). Additionally,FIG. 12 illustrates Super 6Pb compared to Super 6 Pa and 6P-C.

Table 14 is a table of values for Super 6Pb. The definition of x,y aredescribed in ISO 11664-3:2012/CIE S 014 Part 3, which is incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety. The definition of u′,v′ aredescribed in ISO 11664-5:2016/CIE S 014 Part 5, which is incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety. λ defines each color primary asdominant color wavelength for RGB and complementary wavelengths CMY.

TABLE 14 x y u' v'

W (ACES D60) 0.32168 0.33767 0.2008 0.4742 W (D65) 0.3127  0.3290 0.1978 0.4683 R 0.6800  0.3200  0.4964 0.5256 615 nm G 0.2650  0.6900 0.0980 0.5777 545 nm B 0.1500  0.0600  0.1754 0.1579 465 nm C 0.1156 0.3442  0.0670 0.4490 493 nm M 0.3523  0.1423  0.3520 0.3200 Y 0.4502 0.5472  0.2078 0.5683 570 nm

In another embodiment, the six primaries include a red primary, a yellowprimary, a green primary, a cyan primary, a blue primary, and whiteemitter. In one embodiment, the white emitter is a D65 white emitter. Inone embodiment, the red primary has a dominant wavelength of 615 nm, theyellow primary has a dominant wavelength of 570 nm, the green primaryhas a dominant wavelength of 545 nm, the cyan primary has a dominantwavelength of 493 nm, and the blue primary has a dominant wavelength of465 nm as shown in Table 15. In one embodiment, the dominant wavelengthis approximately (e.g., within ±10%) the value listed in the tablebelow. Alternatively, the dominant wavelength is within ±5% of the valuelisted in the table below. In yet another embodiment, the dominantwavelength is within ±2% of the value listed in the table below.

TABLE 15 x y u' v'

W (D65) 0.313 0.329 0.198 0.468 R 0.680 0.320 0.496 0.526 615 nm Y 0.4500.547 0.208 0.568 570 nm G 0.265 0.690 0.099 0.578 545 nm C 0.163 0.3420.096 0.454 493 nm B 0.150 0.060 0.175 0.158 465 nm

FIG. 13 illustrates one embodiment of a six primary system including ared primary, a yellow primary, a green primary, a cyan primary, a blueprimary, and a white emitter. The example shown in FIG. 13 uses thevalues shown in Table 15.

In yet another embodiment, the six primaries include a red primary, afirst green primary, a second green primary, a blue primary, a firstwhite emitter, and a second white emitter. In one embodiment, the firstwhite emitter is a D65 white emitter. In one embodiment, the secondwhite emitter is a D25 white emitter. In one embodiment, the red primaryhas a dominant wavelength of 615 nm, the first green primary has adominant wavelength of 520 nm, the second green primary has a dominantwavelength of 550 nm, and the blue primary has a dominant wavelength of465 nm as shown in Table 16. In an alternative embodiment, the firstgreen primary has a dominant wavelength of 525 nm. In one embodiment,the dominant wavelength is approximately (e.g., within ±10%) the valuelisted in the table below. Alternatively, the dominant wavelength iswithin ±5% of the value listed in the table below. In yet anotherembodiment, the dominant wavelength is within ±2% of the value listed inthe table below.

TABLE 16 x y u' v'

W (D65) 0.313 0.329 0.198 0.468 W (D25) 0.477 0.414 0.272 0.531 R 0.6800.320 0.496 0.526 615 nm G1 0.300 0.700 0.111 0.583 525 nm G2 0.1500.720 0.053 0.571 550 nm B 0.150 0.060 0.175 0.158 465 nm

FIG. 14 illustrates one embodiment of a six primary system including ared primary, a first green primary, a second green primary, a blueprimary, a first white emitter, and a second white emitter. The exampleshown in FIG. 14 uses the values shown in Table 16.

In still another embodiment, the six primaries include a red primary, agreen primary, a blue primary, a first white emitter, a second whiteemitter, and a third white emitter. In one embodiment, the first whiteemitter is a D80 white emitter. In one embodiment, the second whiteemitter is a D20 white emitter. In one embodiment, the third whiteemitter is a D45 white emitter. In a preferred embodiment, the thirdwhite emitter includes a green bias (e.g., 40% green, 60% D45). In oneembodiment, the red primary has a dominant wavelength of 630 nm, thegreen primary has a dominant wavelength of 532 nm, and the blue primaryhas a dominant wavelength of 467 nm as shown in Table 17. In oneembodiment, the dominant wavelength is approximately (e.g., within ±10%)the value listed in the table below. Alternatively, the dominantwavelength is within ±5% of the value listed in the table below. In yetanother embodiment, the dominant wavelength is within ±2% of the valuelisted in the table below.

TABLE 17 x y

W-R (D25) 0.5265 0.4133 W-G (D45-G) 0.2855 0.5393 W-B (D65) 0.29400.3094 R 0.708 0.292 630 nm G 0.170 0.797 532 nm B 0.131 0.046 467 nm

FIG. 15A illustrates one embodiment of a six primary system including ared primary, a green primary, a blue primary, a first white emitter, asecond white emitter, and a third white emitter. The example shown inFIG. 15A uses the values shown in Table 17. Advantageously, thisembodiment allows for fewer metameric errors.

FIG. 15B illustrates an example of the emission spectra of a six primarysystem including a red primary, a green primary, a blue primary, a firstwhite emitter, a second white emitter, and a third white emitter. Theexample shown in FIG. 15B uses the values shown in Table 17.

Alternatively, the six primary system includes a first red primary, asecond red primary, a first green primary, a second green primary, afirst blue primary, and a second blue primary. The first red primary,the first green primary, and the first blue primary are preferablynarrow band primaries. The second red primary, the second green primary,and the second blue primary are preferably wide band primaries. In oneembodiment, the first red primary has a dominant wavelength of 630 nm,the first green primary has a dominant wavelength of 532 nm, and thefirst blue primary has a dominant wavelength of 467.1 nm. In oneembodiment, the dominant wavelength is approximately (e.g., within ±10%)the value recited above. Alternatively, the dominant wavelength iswithin ±5% of the value recited above. In yet another embodiment, thedominant wavelength is within ±2% of the value recited above.

FIG. 15C illustrates an example of the emission spectra of a six primarysystem including a first red primary, a second red primary, a firstgreen primary, a second green primary, a first blue primary, and asecond blue primary. Advantageously, this embodiment also allows forfewer metameric errors.

In another embodiment, the six primaries include a red primary, a firstgreen primary, a second green primary, a blue primary, a cyan primary,and a yellow primary. In one embodiment, the red primary has a dominantwavelength of 630 nm, the first green primary has a dominant wavelengthof 532 nm, the second green primary has a dominant wavelength of 510 nm,the blue primary has a dominant wavelength of 467 nm, the cyan primaryhas a dominant wavelength of 492 nm, and the yellow primary has adominant wavelength of 555 nm as shown in Table 18. In one embodiment,the dominant wavelength is approximately (e.g., within ±10%) the valuelisted in the table below. Alternatively, the dominant wavelength iswithin ±5% of the value listed in the table below. In yet anotherembodiment, the dominant wavelength is within ±2% of the value listed inthe table below. The first green primary and the second green primaryare preferably positioned to maximize an area in the green region (e.g.,larger width in the green region). The yellow primary is preferablypositioned to maximize the remaining area from a line formed between thered primary and the first green primary toward the CIE locus.

TABLE 18 x y u' v'

R 0.7079 0.2920 0.5565 0.5165 630 nm G1 0.1702 0.7965 0.0557 0.5867 532nm G2 0.0139 0.7502 0.0046 0.5638 510 nm B 0.1314 0.0459 0.1598 0.1256467 nm C 0.0362 0.3399 0.0207 0.4366 492 nm Y 0.3374 0.6588 0.13190.5795 555 nm

FIG. 96 illustrates one embodiment of a six primary system including ared primary, a first green primary, a second green primary, a blueprimary, a cyan primary, and a yellow primary. The example shown in FIG.96 uses the values shown in Table 18.

In a preferred embodiment, a matrix is created from XYZ values of eachof the primaries (e.g., the at least four primaries, the at least fiveprimaries, the at least six primaries). As the XYZ values of theprimaries change, the matrix changes. Additional details about thematrix are described below.

Formatting and Transportation of Multi-Primary Signals

The present invention includes three different methods to format videofor transport: System 1, System 2, and System 3. System 1 is comprisedof an encode and decode system, which can be divided into base encoderand digitation, image data stacking, mapping into the standard datatransport, readout, unstack, and finally image decoding. In oneembodiment, the basic method of this system is to combine opposing colorprimaries within the three standard transport channels and identify themby their code value.

System 2 uses a sequential method where three color primaries are passedto the transport format as full bit level image data and inserted asnormal. The three additional channels are delayed by one pixel and thenplaced into the transport instead of the first colors. This is useful insituations where quantizing artifacts may be critical to imageperformance. In one embodiment, this system is comprised of the sixprimaries (e.g., RGB plus a method to delay the CYM colors forinjection), image resolution identification to allow for pixel countsynchronization, start of video identification, and RGB Delay.

System 3 utilizes a dual link method where two wires are used. In oneembodiment, a first set of three channels (e.g., RGB) are sent to link Aand a second set of three channels (e.g., CYM) is sent to link B. Oncethey arrive at the image destination, they are recombined.

To transport up to six color components (e.g., four, five, or six),System 1, System 2, or System 3 can be used as described. If four colorcomponents are used, two of the channels are set to “0”. If five colorcomponents are used, one of the channels is set to “0”. Advantageously,this transportation method works for all primary systems describedherein that include up to six color components.

Comparison of Three Systems

Advantageously, System 1 fits within legacy SDI, CTA, and Ethernettransports. Additionally, System 1 has zero latency processing forconversion to an RGB display. However, System 1 is limited to 11-bitwords.

System 2 is advantageously operable to transport 6 channels using 16-bitwords with no compression. Additionally, System 2 fits within newer SDI,CTA, and Ethernet transport formats. However, System 2 requires doublebit rate speed. For example, a 4K image requires a data rate for an 8KRGB image.

In comparison, System 3 is operable to transport up to 6 channels using16-bit words with compression and at the same data required for aspecific resolution. For example, a data rate for an RGB image is thesame as for a 6P image using System 3. However, System 3 requires a twincable connection within the video system.

Nomenclature

In one embodiment, a standard video nomenclature is used to betterdescribe each system.

R describes red data as linear light. G describes green data as linearlight. B describes blue data as linear light. C describes cyan data aslinear light. M describes magenta data as linear light. Y^(c) and/or Ydescribe yellow data as linear light.

R′ describes red data as non-linear light. G′ describes green data asnon-linear light. B′ describes blue data as non-linear light. C′describes cyan data as non-linear light. M′ describes magenta data asnon-linear light. Y^(c)′ and/or Y′ describe yellow data as non-linearlight.

Y₆ describes the luminance sum of RGBCMY data. Y_(RGB) describes aSystem 2 encode that is the linear luminance sum of the RGB data.Y_(CMY) describes a System 2 encode that is the linear luminance sum ofthe CMY data.

C_(R) describes the data value of red after subtracting linear imageluminance. C_(B) describes the data value of blue after subtractinglinear image luminance. C_(C) describes the data value of cyan aftersubtracting linear image luminance. C_(Y) describes the data value ofyellow after subtracting linear image luminance.

Y′_(RGB) describes a System 2 encode that is the nonlinear luminance sumof the RGB data. Y′_(CMY) describes a System 2 encode that is thenonlinear luminance sum of the CMY data. −Y describes the sum of RGBdata subtracted from Y₆.

C′_(R) describes the data value of red after subtracting nonlinear imageluminance. C′_(B) describes the data value of blue after subtractingnonlinear image luminance. C′_(C) describes the data value of cyan aftersubtracting nonlinear image luminance. C′_(Y) describes the data valueof yellow after subtracting nonlinear image luminance.

B+Y describes a System 1 encode that includes either blue or yellowdata. G+M describes a System 1 encode that includes either green ormagenta data. R+C describes a System 1 encode that includes either greenor magenta data.

C_(R)+C_(C) describes a System 1 encode that includes either colordifference data. C_(B)+C_(Y) describes a System 1 encode that includeseither color difference data.

4:4:4 describes full bandwidth sampling of a color in an RGB system.4:4:4:4:4:4 describes full sampling of a color in an RGBCMY system.4:2:2 describes an encode where a full bandwidth luminance channel (Y)is used to carry image detail and the remaining components are halfsampled as a Cb Cr encode. 4:2:2:2:2 describes an encode where a fullbandwidth luminance channel (Y) is used to carry image detail and theremaining components are half sampled as a Cb Cr Cy Cc encode. 4:2:0describes a component system similar to 4:2:2, but where Cr and Cbsamples alternate per line. 4:2:0:2:0 describes a component systemsimilar to 4:2:2, but where Cr, Cb, Cy, and Cc samples alternate perline.

Constant luminance is the signal process where luminance (Y) arecalculated in linear light. Non-constant luminance is the signal processwhere luminance (Y) are calculated in nonlinear light.

Deriving Color Components

When using a color difference method (4:2:2), several components needspecific processing so that they can be used in lower frequencytransports. These are derived as:

Y₆^(′) = 0.1063R^(′) + 0.23195Y^(C^(′)) + 0.3576G^(′) + 0.19685C^(′) + 0.0361B^(′) + 0.0712M^(′)$G_{6}^{\prime} = {{\left( \frac{1}{{0.3}576Y} \right) - \left( {{0.1}063R^{\prime}} \right) - \left( {{0.0}361B^{\prime}} \right) - \left( {{0.1}9685C^{\prime}} \right) - \left( {{0.2}3195Y^{C^{\prime}}} \right) - \left( {{0.0}712M^{\prime}} \right)\mspace{20mu} - Y^{\prime}} = {Y_{6}^{\prime} - \left( {C^{\prime} + Y^{C^{\prime}} + M^{\prime}} \right)}}$$\mspace{20mu}{C_{R}^{\prime} = {{\frac{R^{\prime} - Y_{6}^{\prime}}{{1.7}874}\mspace{14mu} C_{B}^{\prime}} = {{\frac{B^{\prime} - Y_{6}^{\prime}}{{1.9}278}\mspace{14mu} C_{C}^{\prime}} = {{\frac{C^{\prime} - Y_{6}^{\prime}}{1.6063}\mspace{14mu} C_{Y}^{\prime}} = \frac{Y^{C^{\prime}} - Y_{6}^{\prime}}{{1.5}361}}}}}$$\mspace{20mu}{R^{\prime} = {{\frac{C_{R}^{\prime} - Y_{6}^{\prime}}{{1.7}874}\mspace{14mu} B^{\prime}} = {{\frac{C_{B}^{\prime} - Y_{6}^{\prime}}{1.9278}\mspace{14mu} C^{\prime}} = {{\frac{C_{C}^{\prime} - Y_{6}^{\prime}}{{1.6}063}\mspace{14mu} Y^{C^{\prime}}} = \frac{C_{Y}^{\prime} - Y_{6}^{\prime}}{{1.5}361}}}}}$

The ratios for Cr, Cb, Cc, and Cy are also valid in linear lightcalculations.

Magenta can be calculated as follows:

$M^{\prime} = {{\frac{B^{\prime} + R^{\prime}}{B^{\prime} \times R^{\prime}}\mspace{14mu}{or}\mspace{14mu} M} = \frac{B + R}{B \times R}}$

System 1

In one embodiment, the multi-primary color system is compatible withlegacy systems. A backwards compatible multi-primary color system isdefined by a sampling method. In one embodiment, the sampling method is4:4:4. In one embodiment, the sampling method is 4:2:2. In anotherembodiment, the sampling method is 4:2:0. In one embodiment of abackwards compatible multi-primary color system, new encode and decodesystems are divided into the steps of performing base encoding anddigitization, image data stacking, mapping into the standard datatransport, readout, unstacking, and image decoding (“System 1”). In oneembodiment, System 1 combines opposing color primaries within threestandard transport channels and identifies them by their code value. Inone embodiment of a backwards compatible multi-primary color system, theprocesses are analog processes. In another embodiment of a backwardscompatible multi-primary color system, the processes are digitalprocesses.

In one embodiment, the sampling method for a multi-primary color systemis a 4:4:4 sampling method. Black and white bits are redefined. In oneembodiment, putting black at midlevel within each data word allows theaddition of CYM color data.

FIG. 16 illustrates an embodiment of an encode and decode system for amulti-primary color system. In one embodiment, the multi-primary colorencode and decode system is divided into a base encoder and digitation,image data stacking, mapping into the standard data transport, readout,unstack, and finally image decoding (“System 1”). In one embodiment, themethod of this system combines opposing color primaries within the threestandard transport channels and identifies them by their code value. Inone embodiment, the encode and decode for a multi-primary color systemare analog-based. In another embodiment, the encode and decode for amulti-primary color system are digital-based. System 1 is designed to becompatible with lower bandwidth systems and allows a maximum of 11 bitsper channel and is limited to sending only three channels of up to sixprimaries at a time. In one embodiment, it does this by using a stackingsystem where either the color channel or the complementary channel isdecoded depending on the bit level of that one channel.

System 2

FIG. 17 illustrates a sequential method where three color primaries arepassed to the transport format as full bit level image data and insertedas normal (“System 2”). The three additional channels are delayed by onepixel and then placed into the transport instead of the first colors.This method is useful in situations where quantizing artifacts iscritical to image performance. In one embodiment, this system iscomprised of six primaries (RGBCYM), a method to delay the CYM colorsfor injection, image resolution identification to all for pixel countsynchronization, start of video identification, RGB delay, and forYCCCCC systems, logic to select the dominant color primary. Theadvantage of System 2 is that full bit level video can be transported,but at double the normal data rate.

System 3

FIG. 18 illustrates one embodiment of a system encode and decode processusing a dual link method (“System 3”). System 3 utilizes a dual linkmethod where two wires are used. In one embodiment, RGB is sent to linkA and CYM is sent to link B. After arriving at the image destination,the two links are recombined.

System 3 is simpler and more straight forward than Systems 1 and 2. Theadvantage with this system is that adoption is simply to format non-RGBprimaries (e.g., CYM) on a second link. So, in one example, for an SDIdesign, RGB is sent on a standard SDI stream just as it is currentlydone. There is no modification to the transport and this link isoperable to be sent to any RGB display requiring only the compensationfor the luminance difference because the CYM components are notincluded. CYM data is transported in the same manner as RGB data. Thisdata is then combined in the display to make up a 6P image. The downsideis that the system requires two wires to move one image. This system isoperable to work with most any format including SMPTE ST292, 424, 2082,and 2110. It also is operable to work with dual HDMI/CTA connections. Inone embodiment, the system includes at least one transfer function(e.g., OETF, EOTF).

FIG. 19 illustrates one embodiment of an encoding process using a duallink method.

FIG. 20 illustrates one embodiment of a decoding process using a duallink method.

Transfer Functions

The system design minimizes limitations to use standard transferfunctions for both encode and/or decode processes. Current practicesused in standards include, but are not limited to, ITU-R BT.1886, ITU-RBT.2020, SMPTE ST274, SMPTE ST296, SMPTE ST2084, and ITU-R BT.2100.These standards are compatible with this system and require nomodification.

Encoding and decoding 6P images is formatted into several differentconfigurations to adapt to image transport frequency limitations. Thehighest quality transport is obtained by keeping all components asRGBCMY components. This uses the highest sampling frequencies andrequires the most signal bandwidth. An alternate method is to sum theimage details in a luminance channel at full bandwidth and then send thecolor difference signals at half or quarter sampling (e.g., Y Cr Cb CcCy). This allows a similar image to pass through lower bandwidthtransports.

Six-Primary Color Encode Using a 4:4:4 Sampling Method

FIG. 21 illustrates one embodiment of a six-primary color system encodeusing a 4:4:4 sampling method.

Subjective testing during the development and implementation of thecurrent digital cinema system (DCI Version 1.2) showed that perceptiblequantizing artifacts were not noticeable with system bit resolutionshigher than 11 bits. Current serial digital transport systems support 12bits. Remapping six color components to a 12-bit stream is accomplishedby lowering the bit limit to 11 bits (values 0 to 2047) for 12-bitserial systems or 9 bits (values 0 to 512) for 10-bit serial systems.This process is accomplished by processing RGBCYM video informationthrough a standard Optical Electronic Transfer Function (OETF) (e.g.,ITU-R BT.709-6), digitizing the video information as four samples perpixel, and quantizing the video information as 11-bit or 9-bit.

In another embodiment, the RGBCYM video information is processed througha standard Optical Optical Transfer Function (OOTF). In yet anotherembodiment, the RGBCYM video information is processed through a TransferFunction (TF) other than OETF or OOTF. TFs consist of two components, aModulation Transfer Function (MTF) and a Phase Transfer Function (PTF).The MTF is a measure of the ability of an optical system to transfervarious levels of detail from object to image. In one embodiment,performance is measured in terms of contrast (degrees of gray), or ofmodulation, produced for a perfect source of that detail level. The PTFis a measure of the relative phase in the image(s) as a function offrequency. A relative phase change of 180°, for example, indicates thatblack and white in the image are reversed. This phenomenon occurs whenthe TF becomes negative.

There are several methods for measuring MTF. In one embodiment, MTF ismeasured using discrete frequency generation. In one embodiment, MTF ismeasured using continuous frequency generation. In another embodiment,MTF is measured using image scanning. In another embodiment, MTF ismeasured using waveform analysis.

In one embodiment, the six-primary color system is for a 12-bit serialsystem. Current practices normally set black at bit value 0 and white atbit value 4095 for 12-bit video. In order to package six colors into theexisting three-serial streams, the bit defining black is moved to bitvalue 2048. Thus, the new encode has RGB values starting at bit value2048 for black and bit value 4095 for white and CYM values starting atbit value 2047 for black and bit value 0 as white. In anotherembodiment, the six-primary color system is for a 10-bit serial system.

FIG. 22 illustrates one embodiment for a method to package six channelsof primary information into the three standard primary channels used incurrent serial video standards by modifying bit numbers for a 12-bit SDIand a 10-bit SDI. FIG. 23 illustrates a simplified diagram estimatingperceived viewer sensation as code values define each hue angle. Table19 and Table 20 list bit assignments for computer, production, andbroadcast for a 12-bit system and a 10-bit system, respectively. In oneembodiment, “Computer” refers to bit assignments compatible with CTA861-G, November 2016, which is incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety. In one embodiment, “Production” and/or “Broadcast” refer tobit assignments compatible with SMPTE ST 2082-0 (2016), SMPTE ST 2082-1(2015), SMPTE ST 2082-10 (2015), SMPTE ST 2082-11 (2016), SMPTE ST2082-12 (2016), SMPTE ST 2110-10 (2017), SMPTE ST 2110-20 (2017), SMPTEST 2110-21 (2017), SMPTE ST 2110-30 (2017), SMPTE ST 2110-31 (2018),and/or SMPTE ST 2110-40 (2018), each of which is incorporated herein byreference in its entirety.

TABLE 19 12-Bit Assignments Computer Production Broadcast RGB CYM RGBCYM RGB CYM Peak Brightness 4095   0 4076  16 3839  256 MinimumBrightness 2048 2047 2052 2032 2304 1792

TABLE 20 10-Bit Assignments Computer Production Broadcast RGB CYM RGBCYM RGB CYM Peak Brightness 1023  0 1019  4 940  64 Minimum Brightness 512 511  516 508 576 448

In one embodiment, the OETF process is defined in ITU-R BT.709-6, whichis incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In one embodiment,the OETF process is defined in ITU-R BT.709-5, which is incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety. In another embodiment, the OETFprocess is defined in ITU-R BT.709-4, which is incorporated herein byreference in its entirety. In yet another embodiment, the OETF processis defined in ITU-R BT.709-3, which is incorporated herein by referencein its entirety. In yet another embodiment, the OETF process is definedin ITU-R BT.709-2, which is incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety. In yet another embodiment, the OETF process is defined inITU-R BT.709-1, which is incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety.

In one embodiment, the encoder is a non-constant luminance encoder. Inanother embodiment, the encoder is a constant luminance encoder.

Six-Primary Color Packing/Stacking Using a 4:4:4 Sampling Method

FIG. 24 illustrates one embodiment for a method of stacking/encodingsix-primary color information using a 4:4:4 video system. Image datamust be assembled according the serial system used. This is not aconversion process, but instead is a packing/stacking process. In oneembodiment, the packing/stacking process is for a six-primary colorsystem using a 4:4:4 sampling method.

FIG. 25 illustrates one embodiment for a method of unstacking/decodingsix-primary color information using a 4:4:4 video system. In oneembodiment, the RGB channels and the CYM channels are combined into one12-bit word and sent to a standardized transport format. In oneembodiment, the standardized transport format is SMPTE ST424 SDI. In oneembodiment, the decode is for a non-constant luminance, six-primarycolor system. In another embodiment, the decode is for a constantluminance, six-primary color system. In yet another embodiment, anelectronic optical transfer function (EOTF) (e.g., ITU-R BT.1886)coverts image data back to linear for display. In one embodiment, theEOTF is defined in ITU-R BT.1886 (2011), which is incorporated herein byreference in its entirety. FIG. 26 illustrates one embodiment of a 4:4:4decoder.

System 2 uses sequential mapping to the standard transport format, so itincludes a delay for the CYM data. The CYM data is recovered in thedecoder by delaying the RGB data. Since there is no stacking process,the full bit level video can be transported. For displays that are usingoptical filtering, this RGB delay could be removed and the process ofmapping image data to the correct filter could be eliminated by assumingthis delay with placement of the optical filter and the use ofsequential filter colors.

Two methods can be used based on the type of optical filter used. Sincethis system is operating on a horizontal pixel sequence, some verticalcompensation is required and pixels are rectangular. This can be eitheras a line double repeat using the same RGBCYM data to fill the followingline as shown in FIG. 27, or could be separated as RGB on line one andCYM on line two as shown in FIG. 28. The format shown in FIG. 28 allowsfor square pixels, but the CMY components requires a line delay forsynchronization. Other patterns eliminating the white subpixel are alsocompatible with the present invention.

FIG. 29 illustrates an embodiment of the present invention for sendingsix primary colors to a standardized transport format using a 4:4:4encoder according to System 2. Encoding is straight forward with a pathfor RGB sent directly to the transport format. RGB data is mapped toeach even numbered data segment in the transport. CYM data is mapped toeach odd numbered segment. Because different resolutions are used in allof the standardized transport formats, there must be identification forwhat they are so that the start of each horizontal line and horizontalpixel count can be identified to time the RGB/CYM mapping to thetransport. The identification is the same as currently used in eachstandardized transport function. Table 21, Table 22, Table 23, and Table24 list 16-bit assignments, 12-bit assignments, 10-bit assignments, and8-bit assignments, respectively. In one embodiment, “Computer” refers tobit assignments compatible with CTA 861-G, November 2016, which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In one embodiment,“Production” and/or “Broadcast” refer to bit assignments compatible withSMPTE ST 2082-0 (2016), SMPTE ST 2082-1 (2015), SMPTE ST 2082-10 (2015),SMPTE ST 2082-11 (2016), SMPTE ST 2082-12 (2016), SMPTE ST 2110-10(2017), SMPTE ST 2110-20 (2017), SMPTE ST 2110-21 (2017), SMPTE ST2110-30 (2017), SMPTE ST 2110-31 (2018), and/or SMPTE ST 2110-40 (2018),each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

TABLE 21 16-Bit Assignments Computer Production RGB CYM RGB CYM PeakBrightness 65536 65536 65216 65216 Minimum Brightness 0 0 256 256

TABLE 22 12-Bit Assignments Computer Production Broadcast RGB CYM RGBCYM RGB CYM Peak Brightness 4095 4095 4076 4076 3839 3839 MinimumBrightness   0   0  16  16  256  256

TABLE 23 10-Bit Assignments Computer Production Broadcast RGB CYM RGBCYM RGB CYM Peak Brightness 1023 1023 1019 1019 940 940 MinimumBrightness   0   0   4   4  64  64

TABLE 24 8-Bit Assignments Computer Production Broadcast RGB CYM RGB CYMRGB CYM Peak Brightness 255 255 254 254 235 235 Minimum Brightness  0  0 1  1  16  16

The decode adds a pixel delay to the RGB data to realign the channels toa common pixel timing. EOTF is applied and the output is sent to thenext device in the system. Metadata based on the standardized transportformat is used to identify the format and image resolution so that theunpacking from the transport can be synchronized. FIG. 30 shows oneembodiment of a decoding with a pixel delay.

In one embodiment, the decoding is 4:4:4 decoding. With this method, thesix-primary color decoder is in the signal path, where 11-bit values forRGB are arranged above bit value 2048, while CYM levels are arrangedbelow bit value 2047 as 11-bit. If the same data set is sent to adisplay and/or process that is not operable for six-primary colorprocessing, the image data is assumed as black at bit value 0 as a full12-bit word. Decoding begins by tapping image data prior to theunstacking process.

Six-Primary Color Encode Using a 4:2:2 Sampling Method

In one embodiment, the packing/stacking process is for a six-primarycolor system using a 4:2:2 sampling method. In order to fit the newsix-primary color system into a lower bandwidth serial system, whilemaintaining backwards compatibility, the standard method of convertingfrom RGBCYM to a luminance and a set of color difference signalsrequires the addition of at least one new image designator. In oneembodiment, the encoding and/or decoding process is compatible withtransport through SMPTE ST 292-0 (2011), SMPTE ST 292-1 (2011, 2012,and/or 2018), SMPTE ST 292-2 (2011), SMPTE ST 2022-1 (2007), SMPTE ST2022-2 (2007), SMPTE ST 2022-3 (2010), SMPTE ST 2022-4 (2011), SMPTE ST2022-5 (2012 and/or 2013), SMPTE ST 2022-6 (2012), SMPTE ST 2022-7(2013), and/or and CTA 861-G (2016), each of which is incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety.

In order for the system to package all of the image while supportingboth six-primary and legacy displays, an electronic luminance component(Y) must be derived. The first component is: E. It can be described as:

E′ _(Y) ₆ =0.1063E′ _(Red)+0.2315E′ _(Yellow)+0.3576E′_(Green)+0.19685E′ _(Cyan)+0.0361E′ _(Blue)+0.0712E′ _(Magenta)

Critical to getting back to legacy display compatibility, value E′_(−Y)is described as:

E′ _(−Y) =E′ _(Y) ₆ −(E _(Cyan) +E′ _(Yellow) +E′ _(Magenta))

In addition, at least two new color components are disclosed. These aredesignated as Cc and Cy components. The at least two new colorcomponents include a method to compensate for luminance and enable thesystem to function with older Y Cb Cr infrastructures. In oneembodiment, adjustments are made to Cb and Cr in a Y Cb Crinfrastructure since the related level of luminance is operable fordivision over more components. These new components are as follows:

${E_{C\; R}^{\prime} = \frac{\left( {E_{R}^{\prime} - E_{Y_{6}}^{\prime}} \right)}{1.7874}},{E_{C\; B}^{\prime} = \frac{\left( {E_{B}^{\prime} - E_{Y_{6}}^{\prime}} \right)}{1.9278}},{E_{C\; C}^{\prime} = \frac{\left( {E_{C}^{\prime} - E_{Y_{6}}^{\prime}} \right)}{1.6063}},{E_{C\; Y}^{\prime} = \frac{\left( {E_{Y}^{\prime} - E_{Y_{6}}^{\prime}} \right)}{1.5361}}$

Within such a system, it is not possible to define magenta as awavelength. This is because the green vector in CIE 1976 passes into,and beyond, the CIE designated purple line. Magenta is a sum of blue andred. Thus, in one embodiment, magenta is resolved as a calculation, notas optical data. In one embodiment, both the camera side and the monitorside of the system use magenta filters. In this case, if magenta weredefined as a wavelength, it would not land at the point described.Instead, magenta would appear as a very deep blue which would include anarrow bandwidth primary, resulting in metameric issues from usingnarrow spectral components. In one embodiment, magenta as an integervalue is resolved using the following equation:

$M_{INT} = \left\lbrack \frac{\frac{B_{INT}}{2} + \frac{R_{INT}}{2}}{2} \right\rbrack$

The above equation assists in maintaining the fidelity of a magentavalue while minimizing any metameric errors. This is advantageous overprior art, where magenta appears instead as a deep blue instead of theintended primary color value.

Six-Primary Non-Constant Luminance Encode Using a 4:2:2 Sampling Method

In one embodiment, the six-primary color system using a non-constantluminance encode for use with a 4:2:2 sampling method. In oneembodiment, the encoding process and/or decoding process is compatiblewith transport through SMPTE ST 292-0 (2011), SMPTE ST 292-1 (2011,2012, and/or 2018), SMPTE ST 292-2 (2011), SMPTE ST 2022-1 (2007), SMPTEST 2022-2 (2007), SMPTE ST 2022-3 (2010), SMPTE ST 2022-4 (2011), SMPTEST 2022-5 (2012 and/or 2013), SMPTE ST 2022-6 (2012), SMPTE ST 2022-7(2013), and/or and CTA 861-G (2016), each of which is incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety.

Current practices use a non-constant luminance path design, which isfound in all the video systems currently deployed. FIG. 31 illustratesone embodiment of an encode process for 4:2:2 video for packaging fivechannels of information into the standard three-channel designs. For4:2:2, a similar method to the 4:4:4 system is used to package fivechannels of information into the standard three-channel designs used incurrent serial video standards. FIG. 31 illustrates 12-bit SDI and10-bit SDI encoding for a 4:2:2 system. Table 25 and Table 26 list bitassignments for a 12-bit and 10-bit system, respectively. In oneembodiment, “Computer” refers to bit assignments compatible with CTA861-G, November 2016, which is incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety. In one embodiment, “Production” and/or “Broadcast” refer tobit assignments compatible with SMPTE ST 2082-0 (2016), SMPTE ST 2082-1(2015), SMPTE ST 2082-10 (2015), SMPTE ST 2082-11 (2016), SMPTE ST2082-12 (2016), SMPTE ST 2110-10 (2017), SMPTE ST 2110-20 (2017), SMPTEST 2110-21 (2017), SMPTE ST 2110-30 (2017), SMPTE ST 2110-31 (2018),and/or SMPTE ST 2110-40 (2018), each of which is incorporated herein byreference in its entirety.

TABLE 25 12-Bit Assignments Computer Production Broadcast EY₆ EC_(R),EC_(B) EC_(C), EC_(Y) EY₆ EC_(R), EC_(B) EC_(C), EC_(Y) EY₆ EC_(R),EC_(B) EC_(C), EC_(Y) Peak 4095 4095   0 4076 4076  16 3839 3839  256Brightness Minimum   0 2048 2047  16 2052 2032  256 2304 1792 Brightness

TABLE 26 10-Bit Assignments Computer Production Broadcast EY₆ EC_(R),EC_(B) EC_(C), EC_(Y) EY₆ EC_(R), EC_(B) EC_(C), EC_(Y) EY₆ EC_(R),EC_(B) EC_(C), EC_(Y) Peak 1023 1023  0 1019 1019  4 940 940  64Brightness Minimum   0  512 511   4  516 508  64 576 448 Brightness

FIG. 32 illustrates one embodiment for a non-constant luminance encodingprocess for a six-primary color system. The design of this process issimilar to the designs used in current RGB systems. Input video is sentto the Optical Electronic Transfer Function (OETF) process and then tothe E_(Y) ₆ encoder. The output of this encoder includes all of theimage detail information. In one embodiment, all of the image detailinformation is output as a monochrome image.

The output is then subtracted from E′_(R), E′_(B), E′_(C), and E′_(Y) tomake the following color difference components:

E′ _(CR) ,E′ _(CB) ,E′ _(CC) ,E′ _(CY)

These components are then half sampled (x2) while E′_(Y) ₆ is fullysampled (x4).

FIG. 33 illustrates one embodiment of a packaging process for asix-primary color system. These components are then sent to thepacking/stacking process. Components E′_(CY-INT) and E′_(CC-INT) areinverted so that bit 0 now defines peak luminance for the correspondingcomponent. In one embodiment, this is the same packaging processperformed with the 4:4:4 sampling method design, resulting in two 11-bitcomponents combining into one 12-bit component.

Six-Primary Non-Constant Luminance Decode Using a 4:2:2 Sampling Method

FIG. 34 illustrates a 4:2:2 unstack process for a six-primary colorsystem. In one embodiment, the image data is extracted from the serialformat through the normal processes as defined by the serial data formatstandard. In another embodiment, the serial data format standard uses a4:2:2 sampling structure. In yet another embodiment, the serial dataformat standard is SMPTE ST292. The color difference components areseparated and formatted back to valid 11-bit data. ComponentsE′_(CY-INT) and E′_(CC-INT) are inverted so that bit value 2047 definespeak color luminance.

FIG. 35 illustrates one embodiment of a process to inversely quantizeeach individual color and pass the data through an electronic opticalfunction transfer (EOTF) in a non-constant luminance system. Theindividual color components, as well as E′_(Y) ₆ _(-INT), are inverselyquantized and summed to breakout each individual color. Magenta is thencalculated and E′_(Y) ₆ _(-INT) is combined with these colors to resolvegreen. These calculations then go back through an Electronic OpticalTransfer Function (EOTF) process to output the six-primary color system.

In one embodiment, the decoding is 4:2:2 decoding. This decode followsthe same principles as the 4:4:4 decoder. However, in 4:2:2 decoding, aluminance channel is used instead of discrete color channels. Here,image data is still taken prior to unstack from the E_(CB-INT)E′_(CY-INT) and E′_(CR-INT)+E′_(CC-INT) channels. With a 4:2:2 decoder,a new component, called E′_(−Y), is used to subtract the luminancelevels that are present from the CYM channels from theE′_(CB-INT)+E′_(CY-INT) and E′_(CR-INT)+E′_(CC-INT) components. Theresulting output is now the R and B image components of the EOTFprocess. E′_(−Y) is also sent to the G matrix to convert the luminanceand color difference components to a green output. Thus, R′G′B′ is inputto the EOTF process and output as G_(RGB), R_(RGB), and B_(RGB). Inanother embodiment, the decoder is a legacy RGB decoder for non-constantluminance systems.

In one embodiment, the standard is SMPTE ST292. In one embodiment, thestandard is SMPTE RP431-2. In one embodiment, the standard is ITU-RBT.2020. In another embodiment, the standard is SMPTE RP431-1. Inanother embodiment, the standard is ITU-R BT.1886. In anotherembodiment, the standard is SMPTE ST274. In another embodiment, thestandard is SMPTE ST296. In another embodiment, the standard is SMPTEST2084. In yet another embodiment, the standard is ITU-R BT.2100. In yetanother embodiment, the standard is SMPTE ST424. In yet anotherembodiment, the standard is SMPTE ST425. In yet another embodiment, thestandard is SMPTE ST2110.

Six-Primary Constant Luminance Decode Using a 4:2:2 Sampling Method

FIG. 36 illustrates one embodiment of a constant luminance encode for asix-primary color system. FIG. 37 illustrates one embodiment of aconstant luminance decode for a six-primary color system. The processfor constant luminance encode and decode are very similar. The maindifference being that the management of E_(y6) is linear. The encode anddecode processes stack into the standard serial data streams in the sameway as is present in a non-constant luminance, six-primary color system.In one embodiment, the stacker design is the same as with thenon-constant luminance system.

System 2 operation is using a sequential method of mapping to thestandard transport instead of the method in System 1 where pixel data iscombined to two color primaries in one data set as an 11-bit word. Theadvantage of System 1 is that there is no change to the standardtransport. The advantage of System 2 is that full bit level video can betransported, but at double the normal data rate.

The difference between the systems is the use of two Y channels inSystem 2. Y_(RGB) and Y_(CYM) are used to define the luminance value forRGB as one group and CYM for the other.

FIG. 38 illustrates one example of 4:2:2 non-constant luminanceencoding. Because the RGB and CYM components are mapped at differenttime intervals, there is no requirement for a stacking process and datais fed directly to the transport format. The development of the separatecolor difference components is identical to System 1.

The encoder for System 2 takes the formatted color components in thesame way as System 1. Two matrices are used to build two luminancechannels. Y_(RGB) contains the luminance value for the RGB colorprimaries. Y_(CYM) contains the luminance value for the CYM colorprimaries. A set of delays are used to sequence the proper channel forY_(RGB), Y_(CMY), and the R_(BCY) channels. Because the RGB and CYMcomponents are mapped at different time intervals, there is norequirement for a stacking process, and data is fed directly to thetransport format. The development of the separate color differencecomponents is identical to System 1. The Encoder for System 2 takes theformatted color components in the same way as System 1. Two matrices areused to build two luminance channels: Y_(RGB) contains the luminancevalue for the RGB color primaries and Y_(CMY) contains the luminancevalue for the CMY color primaries. This sequences Y_(RGB), CR, and CCchannels into the even segments of the standardized transport andY_(CMY), CB, and CY into the odd numbered segments. Since there is nocombining color primary channels, full bit levels can be used limitedonly by the design of the standardized transport method. In addition,for use in matrix driven displays, there is no change to the inputprocessing and only the method of outputting the correct color isrequired if the filtering or emissive subpixel is also placedsequentially.

Timing for the sequence is calculated by the source format descriptorwhich then flags the start of video and sets the pixel timing.

FIG. 39 illustrates one embodiment of a non-constant luminance decodingsystem. Decoding uses timing synchronization from the format descriptorand start of video flags that are included in the payload ID, SDP, orEDID tables. This starts the pixel clock for each horizontal line ofidentify which set of components are routed to the proper part of thedecoder. A pixel delay is used to realign the color primarily data ofeach subpixel. Y_(RGB) and Y_(CMY) are combined to assemble a new Y₆component which is used to decode the CR, CB, CC, CY, and CM componentsinto RGBCYM.

The constant luminance system is not different from the non-constantluminance system in regard to operation. The difference is that theluminance calculation is done as a linear function instead of includingthe OOTF. FIG. 40 illustrates one embodiment of a 4:2:2 constantluminance encoding system. FIG. 41 illustrates one embodiment of a 4:2:2constant luminance decoding system.

Six-Primary Color System Using a 4:2:0 Sampling System

In one embodiment, the six-primary color system uses a 4:2:0 samplingsystem. The 4:2:0 format is widely used in H.262/MPEG-2, H.264/MPEG-4Part 10 and VC-1 compression. The process defined in SMPTE RP2050-1provides a direct method to convert from a 4:2:2 sample structure to a4:2:0 structure. When a 4:2:0 video decoder and encoder are connectedvia a 4:2:2 serial interface, the 4:2:0 data is decoded and converted to4:2:2 by up-sampling the color difference component. In the 4:2:0 videoencoder, the 4:2:2 video data is converted to 4:2:0 video data bydown-sampling the color difference component.

There typically exists a color difference mismatch between the 4:2:0video data from the 4:2:0 video data to be encoded. Several stages ofcodec concatenation are common through the processing chain. As aresult, color difference signal mismatch between 4:2:0 video data inputto 4:2:0 video encoder and 4:2:0 video output from 4:2:0 video decoderis accumulated and the degradation becomes visible.

Filtering within a Six-Primary Color System Using a 4:2:0 SamplingMethod

When a 4:2:0 video decoder and encoder are connected via a serialinterface, 4:2:0 data is decoded and the data is converted to 4:2:2 byup-sampling the color difference component, and then the 4:2:2 videodata is mapped onto a serial interface. In the 4:2:0 video encoder, the4:2:2 video data from the serial interface is converted to 4:2:0 videodata by down-sampling the color difference component. At least one setof filter coefficients exists for 4:2:0/4:2:2 up-sampling and4:2:2/4:2:0 down-sampling. The at least one set of filter coefficientsprovide minimally degraded 4:2:0 color difference signals inconcatenated operations.

Filter Coefficients in a Six-Primary Color System Using a 4:2:0 SamplingMethod

FIG. 42 illustrates one embodiment of a raster encoding diagram ofsample placements for a six-primary color 4:2:0 progressive scan system.Within this compression process, horizontal lines show the raster on adisplay matrix. Vertical lines depict drive columns. The intersection ofthese is a pixel calculation. Data around a particular pixel is used tocalculate color and brightness of the subpixels. Each “X” showsplacement timing of the E_(Y) ₆ _(-INT) sample. Red dots depictplacement of the E′_(CR-INT)+E′_(CC-INT) sample. Blue triangles showplacement of the E′_(CB-INT)+E′_(CY-INT) sample.

In one embodiment, the raster is an RGB raster. In another embodiment,the raster is a RGBCYM raster.

Six-Primary Color System Backwards Compatibility

By designing the color gamut within the saturation levels of standardformats and using inverse color primary positions, it is easy to resolvean RGB image with minimal processing. In one embodiment for six-primaryencoding, image data is split across three color channels in a transportsystem. In one embodiment, the image data is read as six-primary data.In another embodiment, the image data is read as RGB data. Bymaintaining a standard white point, the axis of modulation for eachchannel is considered as values describing two colors (e.g., blue andyellow) for a six-primary system or as a single color (e.g., blue) foran RGB system. This is based on where black is referenced. In oneembodiment of a six-primary color system, black is decoded at amid-level value. In an RGB system, the same data stream is used, butblack is referenced at bit zero, not a mid-level.

In one embodiment, the RGB values encoded in the 6P stream are based onITU-R BT.709. In another embodiment, the RGB values encoded are based onSMPTE RP431. Advantageously, these two embodiments require almost noprocessing to recover values for legacy display.

Two decoding methods are proposed. The first is a preferred method thatuses very limited processing, negating any issues with latency. Thesecond is a more straightforward method using a set of matrices at theend of the signal path to conform the 6P image to RGB.

In one embodiment, the decoding is for a 4:4:4 system. In oneembodiment, the assumption of black places the correct data with eachchannel. If the 6P decoder is in the signal path, 11-bit values for RGBare arranged above bit value 2048, while CYM level are arranged belowbit value 2047 as 11-bit. However, if this same data set is sent to adisplay or process that is does not understand 6P processing, then thatimage data is assumed as black at bit value 0 as a full 12-bit word.

FIG. 43 illustrates one embodiment of the six-primary color unstackprocess in a 4:2:2 video system. Decoding starts by tapping image dataprior to the unstacking process. The input to the 6P unstack will map asshown in FIG. 44. The output of the 6P decoder will map as shown in FIG.45. This same data is sent uncorrected as the legacy RGB image data. Theinterpretation of the RGB decode will map as shown in FIG. 46.

Alternatively, the decoding is for a 4:2:2 system. This decode uses thesame principles as the 4:4:4 decoder, but because a luminance channel isused instead of discrete color channels, the processing is modified.Legacy image data is still taken prior to unstack from theE′_(CB-INT)+E′_(CY-INT) and E′_(CR-INT)+E′_(CC-INT) channels as shown inFIG. 47.

FIG. 48 illustrates one embodiment of a non-constant luminance decoderwith a legacy process. The dotted box marked (1) shows the process wherea new component called E′_(−Y) is used to subtract the luminance levelsthat are present from the CYM channels from the E′_(CB-INT)+E′_(CY-INT)and E′_(CR-INT)+E′_(CC-INT) components as shown in box (2). Theresulting output is now the R and B image components of the EOTFprocess. E′_(−Y) is also sent to the G matrix to convert the luminanceand color difference components to a green output as shown in box (3).Thus, R′G′B′ is input to the EOTF process and output as G_(RGB),R_(RGB), and B_(RGB). In another embodiment, the decoder is a legacy RGBdecoder for non-constant luminance systems.

For a constant luminance system, the process is very similar with theexception that green is calculated as linear as shown in FIG. 49.

Six-Primary Color System Using a Matrix Output

In one embodiment, the six-primary color system outputs a legacy RGBimage. This requires a matrix output to be built at the very end of thesignal path. FIG. 50 illustrates one embodiment of a legacy RGB imageoutput at the end of the signal path. The design logic of the C, M, andY primaries is in that they are substantially equal in saturation andplaced at substantially inverted hue angles compared to R, G, and Bprimaries, respectively. In one embodiment, substantially equal insaturation refers to a ±10% difference in saturation values for the C,M, and Y primaries in comparison to saturation values for the R, G, andB primaries, respectively. In addition, substantially equal insaturation covers additional percentage differences in saturation valuesfalling within the ±10% difference range. For example, substantiallyequal in saturation further covers a ±7.5% difference in saturationvalues for the C, M, and Y primaries in comparison to the saturationvalues for the R, G, and B primaries, respectively; a ±5% difference insaturation values for the C, M, and Y primaries in comparison to thesaturation values for the R, G, and B primaries, respectively; a ±2%difference in saturation values for the C, M, and Y primaries incomparison to the saturation values for the R, G, and B primaries,respectively; a ±1% difference in saturation values for the C, M, and Yprimaries in comparison to the saturation values for the R, G, and Bprimaries, respectively; and/or a ±0.5% difference in saturation valuesfor the C, M, and Y primaries in comparison to the saturation values forthe R, G, and B primaries, respectively. In a preferred embodiment, theC, M, and Y primaries are equal in saturation to the R, G, and Bprimaries, respectively. For example, the cyan primary is equal insaturation to the red primary, the magenta primary is equal insaturation to the green primary, and the yellow primary is equal insaturation to the blue primary.

In an alternative embodiment, the saturation values of the C, M, and Yprimaries are not required to be substantially equal to their corollaryprimary saturation value among the R, G, and B primaries, but aresubstantially equal in saturation to a primary other than theircorollary R, G, or B primary value. For example, the C primarysaturation value is not required to be substantially equal in saturationto the R primary saturation value, but rather is substantially equal insaturation to the G primary saturation value and/or the B primarysaturation value. In one embodiment, two different color saturations areused, wherein the two different color saturations are based onstandardized gamuts already in use.

In one embodiment, substantially inverted hue angles refers to a ±10%angle range from an inverted hue angle (e.g., 180 degrees). In addition,substantially inverted hue angles cover additional percentagedifferences within the ±10% angle range from an inverted hue angle. Forexample, substantially inverted hue angles further covers a ±7.5% anglerange from an inverted hue angle, a ±5% angle range from an inverted hueangle, a ±2% angle range from an inverted hue angle, a ±1% angle rangefrom an inverted hue angle, and/or a ±0.5% angle range from an invertedhue angle. In a preferred embodiment, the C, M, and Y primaries areplaced at inverted hue angles (e.g., 180 degrees) compared to the R, G,and B primaries, respectively.

In one embodiment, the gamut is the ITU-R BT.709-6 gamut. In anotherembodiment, the gamut is the SMPTE RP431-2 gamut.

The unstack process includes output as six, 11-bit color channels thatare separated and delivered to a decoder. To convert an image from asix-primary color system to an RGB image, at least two matrices areused. One matrix is a 3×3 matrix converting a six-primary color systemimage to XYZ values. A second matrix is a 3×3 matrix for converting fromXYZ to the proper RGB color space. In one embodiment, XYZ valuesrepresent additive color space values, where XYZ matrices representadditive color space matrices. Additive color space refers to theconcept of describing a color by stating the amounts of primaries that,when combined, create light of that color.

When a six-primary display is connected to the six-primary output, eachchannel will drive each color. When this same output is sent to an RGBdisplay, the CYM channels are ignored and only the RGB channels aredisplayed. An element of operation is that both systems drive from theblack area. At this point in the decoder, all are coded as bit value 0being black and bit value 2047 being peak color luminance. This processcan also be reversed in a situation where an RGB source can feed asix-primary display. The six-primary display would then have noinformation for the CYM channels and would display the input in astandard RGB gamut. FIG. 51 illustrates one embodiment of six-primarycolor output using a non-constant luminance decoder. FIG. 52 illustratesone embodiment of a legacy RGB process within a six-primary colorsystem.

The design of this matrix is a modification of the CIE process toconvert RGB to XYZ. First, u ‘v’ values are converted back to CIE 1931xyz values using the following formulas:

$x = {{\frac{9u^{\prime}}{\left( {{6u^{\prime}} - {16v^{\prime}} + 12} \right)}\mspace{14mu} y} = {{\frac{4v^{\prime}}{\left( {{6u^{\prime}} - {16v^{\prime}} + 12} \right)}\mspace{14mu} z} = {1 - x - y}}}$

Next, RGBCYM values are mapped to a matrix. The mapping is dependentupon the gamut standard being used. In one embodiment, the gamut isITU-R BT.709-6. The mapping for RGBCYM values for an ITU-R BT.709-6(6P-B) gamut are:

$\left\lbrack {\begin{pmatrix}\; & x & y & z \\R & 0.640 & 0.330 & 0.030 \\G & 0.300 & 0.600 & 0.100 \\B & 0.150 & 0.060 & 0.790 \\C & 0.439 & 0.540 & 0.021 \\Y & 0.165 & 0.327 & 0.509 \\M & 0.320 & 0.126 & 0.554\end{pmatrix}\;\begin{pmatrix}\; & R & G & B & C & Y & M \\x & {{0.6}40} & {{0.3}00} & {{0.1}50} & {{0.4}39} & {{0.1}65} & {{0.3}19} \\y & {{0.3}30} & {{0.6}00} & {{0.0}60} & {{0.5}40} & {{0.3}27} & {{0.1}26} \\z & {{0.0}30} & {{0.1}00} & {{0.7}90} & {{0.0}21} & {{0.5}09} & {{0.5}54}\end{pmatrix}} \right\rbrack = \begin{pmatrix}{{0.5}19} & {{0.3}93} & {{0.1}40} \\{{0.3}93} & {{0.4}60} & {{0.1}60} \\{{0.1}40} & {{0.1}60} & {{0.6}50}\end{pmatrix}$

In one embodiment, the gamut is SMPTE RP431-2. The mapping for RGBCYMvalues for a SMPTE RP431-2 (6P-C) gamut are:

$\left\lbrack {\begin{pmatrix}\; & x & y & z \\R & 0.680 & 0.320 & 0.000 \\G & 0.264 & 0.691 & 0.045 \\B & 0.150 & 0.060 & 0.790 \\C & 0.450 & 0.547 & 0.026 \\Y & 0.163 & 0.342 & 0.496 \\M & 0.352 & 0.142 & 0.505\end{pmatrix}\;\begin{pmatrix}\; & R & G & B & C & Y & M \\x & 0.680 & 0.264 & {{0.1}50} & 0.450 & {0{.163}} & 0.352 \\y & 0.320 & 0.690 & {{0.0}60} & {0{.547}} & 0.342 & 0.142 \\z & 0.000 & 0.045 & {{0.7}90} & {0{.026}} & 0.496 & 0.505\end{pmatrix}} \right\rbrack = \begin{pmatrix}0.565 & 0.400 & 0.121 \\0.400 & 0.549 & 0.117 \\0.121 & 0.117 & {{0.6}50}\end{pmatrix}$

Following mapping the RGBCYM values to a matrix, a white pointconversion occurs:

$X = {{\frac{x}{y}\mspace{31mu} Y} = {{1\mspace{31mu} Z} = {1 - x - y}}}$

For a six-primary color system using an ITU-R BT.709-6 (6P-B) colorgamut, the white point is D65:

${{0.9}504} = {{\frac{{0.3}127}{{0.3}290}\mspace{31mu} 0.3584} = {1 - {{0.3}127} - {{0.3}290}}}$

For a six-primary color system using a SMPTE RP431-2 (6P-C) color gamut,the white point is D60:

${{0.9}541} = {{\frac{{0.3}218}{{0.3}372}\mspace{31mu} 0.3410} = {1 - {{0.3}218} - {{0.3}372}}}$

Following the white point conversion, a calculation is required for RGBsaturation values, S_(R), S_(G), and S_(B). The results from the secondoperation are inverted and multiplied with the white point XYZ values.In one embodiment, the color gamut used is an ITU-R BT.709-6 colorgamut. The values calculate as:

$\begin{bmatrix}S_{R} \\S_{G} \\S_{B}\end{bmatrix}^{{ITU} - {R\mspace{11mu}{BT}{.709}} - 6} = \left\lbrack {\begin{pmatrix}{{5.4}45} & {{- {4.6}}44} & {{- {0.0}}253} \\{{- {4.6}}44} & {{6.3}37} & {{- {0.5}}63} \\{{- {0.0}}253} & {{- {0.5}}63} & {{1.6}82}\end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix}{{0.9}50} \\1 \\{{0.3}58}\end{pmatrix}} \right\rbrack$ ${{Where}\begin{bmatrix}S_{R} \\S_{G} \\S_{B}\end{bmatrix}}^{{ITU} - {{RB}{T.7}09} - 6} = \begin{bmatrix}{{0.5}22} \\{{1.7}22} \\{{0.0}15}\end{bmatrix}$

In one embodiment, the color gamut is a SMPTE RP431-2 color gamut. Thevalues calculate as:

$\begin{bmatrix}S_{R} \\S_{G} \\S_{B}\end{bmatrix}^{{{SMPTE}\mspace{11mu} R\; P\; 431} - 2} = \left\lbrack {\begin{pmatrix}{{3.6}92} & {{- {2.6}}49} & {{- {0.2}}11} \\{{- {2.6}}49} & {{3.7}95} & {{- {0.1}}89} \\{{- {0.2}}11} & {{- {0.1}}89} & {{1.6}11}\end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix}{{0.9}54} \\1 \\{{0.3}41}\end{pmatrix}} \right\rbrack$ ${{Where}\begin{bmatrix}S_{R} \\S_{G} \\S_{B}\end{bmatrix}}^{{{SMPTE}\mspace{11mu} R\; P\; 431} - 2} = \begin{bmatrix}{{0.8}02} \\{{1.2}03} \\{{0.1}59}\end{bmatrix}$

Next, a six-primary color-to-XYZ matrix must be calculated. For anembodiment where the color gamut is an ITU-R BT.709-6 color gamut, thecalculation is as follows:

$\begin{bmatrix}X \\Y \\Z\end{bmatrix} = \left\lbrack {\begin{pmatrix}{{0.5}19} & {{0.3}93} & {{0.1}40} \\{{0.3}93} & {{0.4}60} & {{0.1}60} \\{{0.1}40} & {{0.1}60} & {{0.6}50}\end{pmatrix}^{{ITU} - {R\mspace{11mu}{BT}{.709}} - 6}\begin{pmatrix}{{0.5}22} & {{1.7}22} & {{0.1}53} \\{{0.5}22} & {{1.7}22} & {{0.1}53} \\{{0.5}22} & {{1.7}22} & {{0.1}53}\end{pmatrix}^{D\; 65}} \right\rbrack$

Wherein the resulting matrix is multiplied by the S_(R)S_(G)S_(B)matrix:

$\begin{bmatrix}X \\Y \\Z\end{bmatrix} = {\begin{bmatrix}{{0.2}71} & {{0.6}77} & {{0.0}02} \\{{0.2}05} & {{0.7}92} & {{0.0}03} \\{{0.0}73} & {{0.2}76} & {{0.0}10}\end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix}R \\G \\B \\C \\Y \\M\end{bmatrix}}^{{ITU} - {R\mspace{11mu}{BT}{.709}} - 6}$

For an embodiment where the color gamut is a SMPTE RP431-2 color gamut,the calculation is as follows:

$\begin{bmatrix}X \\Y \\Z\end{bmatrix} = \left\lbrack {\begin{pmatrix}{{0.5}65} & {{0.4}01} & {{0.1}21} \\{{0.4}01} & {{0.5}49} & {{0.1}17} \\{{0.1}21} & {{0.1}17} & {{0.6}50}\end{pmatrix}^{{{SMPTE}\mspace{11mu} R\; P\; 431} - 2}\begin{pmatrix}{{0.8}02} & {{1.2}03} & {{0.1}59} \\{{0.8}02} & {{1.2}03} & {{0.1}59} \\{{0.8}02} & {{1.2}03} & {{0.1}59}\end{pmatrix}^{D\; 60}} \right\rbrack$

Wherein the resulting matrix is multiplied by the S_(R)S_(G)S_(B)matrix:

$\begin{bmatrix}X \\Y \\Z\end{bmatrix} = {\begin{bmatrix}{{0.4}53} & {{0.4}82} & {{0.0}19} \\{{0.3}21} & {{0.6}60} & {{0.0}19} \\{{0.0}97} & {{0.1}41} & {{0.1}03}\end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix}R \\G \\B \\C \\Y \\M\end{bmatrix}}^{{{SMPTE}\mspace{11mu} R\; P\; 431} - 2}$

Finally, the XYZ matrix must converted to the correct standard colorspace. In an embodiment where the color gamut used is an ITU-R BT709.6color gamut, the matrices are as follows:

$\begin{bmatrix}R \\G \\B\end{bmatrix}^{{ITU} - {R\mspace{11mu}{BT}\; 709} - 6} = {\begin{bmatrix}{{3.2}41} & {{- {1.5}}37} & {{- {0.4}}99} \\{{- {0.9}}69} & {{1.8}76} & {{0.0}42} \\{{0.0}56} & {{- {0.2}}04} & {{1.0}57}\end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix}X \\Y \\Z\end{bmatrix}}$

In an embodiment where the color gamut used is a SMPTE RP431-2 colorgamut, the matrices are as follows:

$\begin{bmatrix}R \\G \\B\end{bmatrix}^{{{SMPTE}\mspace{11mu} R\; P\; 431} - 2} = {\begin{bmatrix}{{2.7}3} & {{- {1.0}}18} & {{- {0.4}}40} \\{{- {0.7}}95} & {{1.6}90} & {{0.0}23} \\{{0.0}41} & {{- {0.0}}88} & {{1.1}01}\end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix}X \\Y \\Z\end{bmatrix}}$

Packing a Six-Primary Color System into IC_(T)C_(P)

IC_(T)C_(P) (ITP) is a color representation format specified in the Rec.ITU-R BT.2100 standard that is used as a part of the color imagepipeline in video and digital photography systems for high dynamic range(HDR) and wide color gamut (WCG) imagery. The I (intensity) component isa luma component that represents the brightness of the video. C_(T) andC_(P) are blue-yellow (“tritanopia”) and red-green (“protanopia”) chromacomponents. The format is derived from an associated RGB color space bya coordination transformation that includes two matrix transformationsand an intermediate non-linear transfer function, known as a gammapre-correction. The transformation produces three signals: I, C_(T), andC_(P). The ITP transformation can be used with RGB signals derived fromeither the perceptual quantizer (PQ) or hybrid log-gamma (HLG)nonlinearity functions. The PQ curve is described in ITU-RBT2100-2:2018, Table 4, which is incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety.

FIG. 53 illustrates one embodiment of packing six-primary color systemimage data into an IC_(T)C_(P) (ITP) format. In one embodiment, RGBimage data is converted to an XYZ matrix. The XYZ matrix is thenconverted to an LMS matrix. The LMS matrix is then sent to an opticalelectronic transfer function (OETF). The conversion process isrepresented below:

$\begin{bmatrix}L \\M \\S\end{bmatrix} = {\left\lbrack {\begin{pmatrix}a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13} \\a_{21} & a_{22} & a_{23} \\a_{31} & a_{32} & a_{33}\end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix}{{0.3}59} & {{0.6}96} & {{- {0.0}}36} \\{{- {0.1}}92} & {{1.1}00} & {{0.0}75} \\{{0.0}07} & {{0.0}75} & {{0.8}43}\end{pmatrix}} \right\rbrack\begin{bmatrix}R \\G \\B\end{bmatrix}}$

Output from the OETF is converted to ITP format. The resulting matrixis:

$\begin{pmatrix}0.5 & 0.5 & 0 \\1.614 & {- 3.323} & 1.710 \\4.378 & {- 4.246} & {{- 0.135}\;}\end{pmatrix}^{\;}$

FIG. 54 illustrates one embodiment of a six-primary color systemconverting RGBCYM image data into XYZ image data for an ITP format(e.g., 6P-B, 6P-C). For a six-primary color system, this is modified byreplacing the RGB to XYZ matrix with a process to convert RGBCYM to XYZ.This is the same method as described in the legacy RGB process. The newmatrix is as follows for an ITU-R BT.709-6 (6P-B) color gamut:

$\begin{bmatrix}L \\M \\S\end{bmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix}{{0.2}71} & {{0.6}77} & {{0.0}02} \\{{0.2}05} & {{0.7}92} & {{0.0}03} \\{{0.0}73} & {{0.2}77} & {{0.1}00}\end{pmatrix}$ $\mspace{310mu}{\begin{pmatrix}{{0.3}59} & {{0.6}96} & {{- {0.0}}36} \\{{- {0.1}}92} & {{1.1}00} & {{0.0}75} \\{{0.0}07} & {{0.0}75} & {{0.8}43}\end{pmatrix}\begin{bmatrix}R \\G \\B \\C \\Y \\M\end{bmatrix}}^{{ITU} - {R\mspace{11mu}{BT}{.709}} - 6}$

RGBCYM data, based on an ITU-R BT.709-6 color gamut, is converted to anXYZ matrix. The resulting XYZ matrix is converted to an LMS matrix,which is sent to an OETF. Once processed by the OETF, the LMS matrix isconverted to an ITP matrix. The resulting ITP matrix is as follows:

$\begin{pmatrix}0.5 & 0.5 & 0 \\1.614 & {- 3.323} & 1.710 \\4.378 & {- 4.246} & {{- 0.135}\;}\end{pmatrix}^{\;}$

In another embodiment, the LMS matrix is sent to an Optical OpticalTransfer Function (OOTF). In yet another embodiment, the LMS matrix issent to a Transfer Function other than OOTF or OETF.

In another embodiment, the RGBCYM data is based on the SMPTE ST431-2(6P-C) color gamut. The matrices for an embodiment using the SMPTEST431-2 color gamut are as follows:

$\begin{bmatrix}L \\M \\S\end{bmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix}{{0.4}53} & {{0.4}81} & {{0.0}19} \\{{0.3}21} & {{0.6}60} & {{0.0}19} \\{{0.0}97} & {{0.1}41} & {{0.1}03}\end{pmatrix}$ $\mspace{320mu}{\begin{pmatrix}{{0.3}59} & {{0.6}96} & {{- {0.0}}36} \\{{- {0.1}}92} & {{1.1}00} & {{0.0}75} \\{{0.0}07} & {{0.0}75} & {{0.8}43}\end{pmatrix}\begin{bmatrix}R \\G \\B \\C \\Y \\M\end{bmatrix}}^{{{SMPTE}\mspace{11mu}{ST}\; 431} - 2}$

The resulting ITP matrix is:

$\begin{pmatrix}0.5 & 0.5 & 0 \\1.614 & {- 3.323} & 1.710 \\4.378 & {- 4.246} & {{- 0.135}\;}\end{pmatrix}^{\;}$

The decode process uses the standard ITP decode process, as theS_(R)S_(G)S_(B) cannot be easily inverted. This makes it difficult torecover the six RGBCYM components from the ITP encode. Therefore, thedisplay is operable to use the standard ICtCp decode process asdescribed in the standards and is limited to just RGB output.

Converting to a Five-Color Multi-Primary Display

In one embodiment, the system is operable to convert image dataincorporating five primary colors. In one embodiment, the five primarycolors include Red (R), Green (G), Blue (G), Cyan (C), and Yellow (Y),collectively referred to as RGBCY. In another embodiment, the fiveprimary colors include Red (R), Green (G), Blue (B), Cyan (C), andMagenta (M), collectively referred to as RGBCM. In one embodiment, thefive primary colors do not include Magenta (M).

In one embodiment, the five primary colors include Red (R), Green (G),Blue (B), Cyan (C), and Orange (0), collectively referred to as RGBCO.RGBCO primaries provide optimal spectral characteristics, transmittancecharacteristics, and makes use of a D65 white point. See, e.g.,Moon-Cheol Kim et al., Wide Color Gamut Five Channel Multi-Primary forHDTV Application, Journal of Imaging Sci. & Tech. Vol. 49, No. 6,November/December 2005, at 594-604, which is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety.

In one embodiment, a five-primary color model is expressed as F=M·C,where F is equal to a tristimulus color vector, F=(X, Y, Z)^(T), and Cis equal to a linear display control vector, C=(C1, C2, C3, C4, C5)^(T).Thus, a conversion matrix for the five-primary color model isrepresented as

$M = \begin{pmatrix}X_{l} & X_{2} & X_{3} & X_{4} & X_{5} \\Y_{1} & Y_{2} & Y_{3} & Y_{4} & Y_{5} \\Z_{1} & Z_{2} & Z_{3} & Z_{4} & Z_{5}\end{pmatrix}$

Using the above equation and matrix, a gamut volume is calculated for aset of given control vectors on the gamut boundary. The control vectorsare converted into CIELAB uniform color space. However, because matrix Mis non-square, the matrix inversion requires splitting the color gamutinto a specified number of pyramids, with the base of each pyramidrepresenting an outer surface and where the control vectors arecalculated using linear equation for each given XYZ triplet presentwithin each pyramid. By separating regions into pyramids, the conversionprocess is normalized. In one embodiment, a decision tree is created inorder to determine which set of primaries are best to define a specifiedcolor. In one embodiment, a specified color is defined by multiple setsof primaries. In order to locate each pyramid, 2D chromaticity look-uptables are used, with corresponding pyramid numbers for inputchromaticity values in xy or u′v′. Typical methods using pyramidsrequire 1000×1000 address ranges in order to properly search theboundaries of adjacent pyramids with look-up table memory. The system ofthe present invention uses a combination of parallel processing foradjacent pyramids and at least one algorithm for verifying solutions bychecking constraint conditions. In one embodiment, the system uses aparallel computing algorithm. In one embodiment, the system uses asequential algorithm. In another embodiment, the system uses abrightening image transformation algorithm. In another embodiment, thesystem uses a darkening image transformation algorithm. In anotherembodiment, the system uses an inverse sinusoidal contrasttransformation algorithm. In another embodiment, the system uses ahyperbolic tangent contrast transformation algorithm. In yet anotherembodiment, the system uses a sine contrast transformation executiontimes algorithm. In yet another embodiment, the system uses a linearfeature extraction algorithm. In yet another embodiment, the system usesa JPEG2000 encoding algorithm. In yet another embodiment, the systemuses a parallelized arithmetic algorithm. In yet another embodiment, thesystem uses an algorithm other than those previously mentioned. In yetanother embodiment, the system uses any combination of theaforementioned algorithms.

Mapping a Six-Primary Color System into Standardized Transport Formats

Each encode and/or decode system fits into existing video serial datastreams that have already been established and standardized. This is keyto industry acceptance. Encoder and/or decoder designs require little orno modification for a six-primary color system to map to these standardserial formats.

FIG. 55 illustrates one embodiment of a six-primary color system mappingto a SMPTE ST424 standard serial format. The SMPTE ST424/ST425 set ofstandards allow very high sampling systems to be passed through a singlecable. This is done by using alternating data streams, each containingdifferent components of the image. For use with a six-primary colorsystem transport, image formats are limited to RGB due to the absence ofa method to send a full bandwidth Y signal.

The process for mapping a six-primary color system to a SMPTE ST425format is the same as mapping to a SMPTE ST424 format. To fit asix-primary color system into a SMPTE ST425/424 stream involves thefollowing substitutions: G′_(INT)+M′_(INT) is placed in the Green datasegments, R′_(INT)+C′_(INT) is placed in the Red data segments, andB′_(INT)+M′_(INT) is placed into the Blue data segments. FIG. 56illustrates one embodiment of an SMPTE 424 6P readout.

System 2 requires twice the data rate as System 1, so it is notcompatible with SMPTE 424. However, it maps easily into SMPTE ST2082using a similar mapping sequence. In one example, System 2 is used tohave the same data speed defined for 8K imaging to show a 4K image.

In one embodiment, sub-image and data stream mapping occur as shown inSMPTE ST2082. An image is broken into four sub-images, and eachsub-image is broken up into two data streams (e.g., sub-image 1 isbroken up into data stream 1 and data stream 2). The data streams areput through a multiplexer and then sent to the interface as shown inFIG. 57.

FIG. 58 and FIG. 59 illustrate serial digital interfaces for asix-primary color system using the SMPTE ST2082 standard. In oneembodiment, the six-primary color system data is RGBCYM data, which ismapped to the SMPTE ST2082 standard (FIG. 58). Data streams 1, 3, 5, and7 follow the pattern shown for data stream 1. Data streams 2, 4, 6, and8 follow the pattern shown for data stream 2. In one embodiment, thesix-primary color system data is Y_(RGB) Y_(CYM) C_(R) C_(B) C_(C) C_(Y)data, which is mapped to the SMPTE ST2082 standard (FIG. 59). Datastreams 1, 3, 5, and 7 follow the pattern shown for data stream 1. Datastreams 2, 4, 6, and 8 follow the pattern shown for data stream 2.

In one embodiment, the standard serial format is SMPTE ST292. SMPTEST292 is an older standard than ST424 and is a single wire format for1.5 GB video, whereas ST424 is designed for up to 3 GB video. However,while ST292 can identify the payload ID of SMPTE ST352, it isconstrained to only accepting an image identified by a hex value, 0h.All other values are ignored. Due to the bandwidth and identificationslimitations in ST292, a component video six-primary color systemincorporates a full bit level luminance component. To fit a six-primarycolor system into a SMPTE ST292 stream involves the followingsubstitutions: E′_(Y) ₆ _(-INT) is placed in the Y data segments,E′_(Cb-INT)+E′_(Cy-INT) is placed in the Cb data segments, andE′_(Cr-INT)+E′_(Cc-INT) is placed in the Cr data segments. In anotherembodiment, the standard serial format is SMPTE ST352.

SMPTE ST292 and ST424 Serial Digital Interface (SDI) formats includepayload identification (ID) metadata to help the receiving deviceidentify the proper image parameters. The tables for this needmodification by adding at least one flag identifying that the imagesource is a six-primary color RGB image. Therefore, six-primary colorsystem format additions need to be added. In one embodiment, thestandard is the SMPTE ST352 standard.

FIG. 60 illustrates one embodiment of an SMPTE ST292 6P mapping. FIG. 61illustrates one embodiment of an SMPTE ST292 6P readout.

FIG. 62 illustrates modifications to the SMPTE ST352 standards for asix-primary color system. Hex code “Bh” identifies a constant luminancesource and flag “Fh” indicates the presence of a six-primary colorsystem. In one embodiment, Fh is used in combination with at least oneother identifier located in byte 3. In another embodiment, the Fh flagis set to 0 if the image data is formatted as System 1 and the Fh flagis set to 1 if the image data is formatted as System 2.

In another embodiment, the standard serial format is SMPTE ST2082. Wherea six-primary color system requires more data, it may not always becompatible with SMPTE ST424. However, it maps easily into SMPTE ST2082using the same mapping sequence. This usage would have the same dataspeed defined for 8K imaging in order to display a 4K image.

In another embodiment, the standard serial format is SMPTE ST2022.Mapping to ST2022 is similar to mapping to ST292 and ST242, but as anETHERNET format. The output of the stacker is mapped to the mediapayload based on Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) 3550, established bythe Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). RTP provides end-to-endnetwork transport functions suitable for applications transmittingreal-time data, including, but not limited to, audio, video, and/orsimulation data, over multicast or unicast network services. The datatransport is augmented by a control protocol (RTCP) to allow monitoringof the data delivery in a manner scalable to large multicast networks,and to provide control and identification functionality. There are nochanges needed in the formatting or mapping of the bit packing describedin SMPTE ST 2022-6: 2012 (HBRMT).

FIG. 63 illustrates one embodiment of a modification for a six-primarycolor system using the SMPTE ST2202 standard. For SMPTE ST2202-6:2012(HBRMT), there are no changes needed in formatting or mapping of the bitpacking. ST2022 relies on header information to correctly configure themedia payload. Parameters for this are established within the payloadheader using the video source format fields including, but not limitedto, MAP, FRAME, FRATE, and/or SAMPLE. MAP, FRAME, and FRATE remain asdescribed in the standard. MAP is used to identify if the input is ST292or ST425 (RGB or Y Cb Cr). SAMPLE is operable for modification toidentify that the image is formatted as a six-primary color systemimage. In one embodiment, the image data is sent using flag “0h”(unknown/unspecified).

In another embodiment, the standard is SMPTE ST2110. SMPTE ST2110 is arelatively new standard and defines moving video through an Internetsystem. The standard is based on development from the IETF and isdescribed under RFC3550. Image data is described through “pgroup”construction. Each pgroup consists of an integer number of octets. Inone embodiment, a sample definition is RGB or YCbCr and is described inmetadata. In one embodiment, the metadata format uses a SessionDescription Protocol (SDP) format. Thus, pgroup construction is definedfor 4:4:4, 4:2:2, and 4:2:0 sampling as 8-bit, 10-bit, 12-bit, and insome cases 16-bit and 16-bit floating point wording. In one embodiment,six-primary color image data is limited to a 10-bit depth. In anotherembodiment, six-primary color image data is limited to a 12-bit depth.Where more than one sample is used, it is described as a set. Forexample, 4:4:4 sampling for blue, as a non-linear RGB set, is describedas C0′B, C1′B, C2′B, C3′B, and C4′B. The lowest number index being leftmost within the image. In another embodiment, the method of substitutionis the same method used to map six-primary color content into the ST2110standard.

In another embodiment, the standard is SMPTE ST2110. SMPTE ST2110-20describes the construction for each pgroup. In one embodiment,six-primary color system content arrives for mapping as non-linear datafor the SMPTE ST2110 standard. In another embodiment, six-primary colorsystem content arrives for mapping as linear data for the SMPTE ST2110standard.

FIG. 64 illustrates a table of 4:4:4 sampling for a six-primary colorsystem for a 10-bit video system. For 4:4:4 10-bit video, 15 octets areused and cover 4 pixels.

FIG. 65 illustrates a table of 4:4:4 sampling for a six-primary colorsystem for a 12-bit video system. For 4:4:4 12-bit video, 9 octets areused and cover 2 pixels before restarting the sequence.

Non-linear GRBMYC image data would arrive as: G′_(INT)+M′_(INT),R′_(INT)+C′_(INT), and B′_(INT)+Y′_(INT). Component substitution wouldfollow what has been described for SMPTE ST424, where G′_(INT)+M′_(INT)is placed in the Green data segments, R′_(INT)+C′_(INT) is placed in theRed data segments, and B′_(INT)+Y′_(INT) is placed in the Blue datasegments. The sequence described in the standard is shown as R0′, G0′,B0′, R1′, G1′, B1′, etc.

FIG. 66 illustrates sequence substitutions for 10-bit and 12-bit videoin 4:2:2 sampling systems in a Y Cb Cr Cc Cy color space. Components aredelivered to a 4:2:2 pgroup including, but not limited to, E′_(Y6-INT),E′_(Cb-INT)+E′_(Cy-INT), and E′_(Cr-INT)+E′_(Cc-INT). For 4:2:2 10-bitvideo, 5 octets are used and cover 2 pixels before restarting thesequence. For 4:2:2 12-bit video, 6 octets are used and cover 2 pixelsbefore restarting the sequence. Component substitution follows what hasbeen described for SMPTE ST292, where E′_(Y6-INT) is placed in the Ydata segments, E′_(Cb-INT)+E′_(Cy-INT) is placed in the Cb datasegments, and E′_(Cr-INT)+E′_(Cc-INT) is placed in the Cr data segments.The sequence described in the standard is shown as Cb0′, Y0′, Cr0′, Y1′,Cr1′, Y3′, Cb2′, Y4′, Cr2′, Y5′, etc. In another embodiment, the videodata is represented at a bit level other than 10-bit or 12-bit. Inanother embodiment, the sampling system is a sampling system other than4:2:2. In another embodiment, the standard is STMPE ST2110.

FIG. 67 illustrates sample placements of six-primary system componentsfor a 4:2:2 sampling system image. This follows the substitutionsillustrated in FIG. 66, using a 4:2:2 sampling system.

FIG. 68 illustrates sequence substitutions for 10-bit and 12-bit videoin 4:2:0 sampling systems using a Y Cb Cr Cc Cy color space. Componentsare delivered to a pgroup including, but not limited to, E′_(Y6-INT),E′_(Cb-INT)+E′_(Cy-INT), and E′_(Cr-INT)+E′_(Cc-INT). For 4:2:0 10-bitvideo data, 15 octets are used and cover 8 pixels before restarting thesequence. For 4:2:0 12-bit video data, 9 octets are used and cover 4pixels before restarting the sequence. Component substitution followswhat is described in SMPTE ST292 where E′_(Y6-INT) is placed in the Ydata segments, E′_(Cb-INT)+E′_(Cy-INT) is placed in the Cb datasegments, and E′_(Cr-INT)+E′_(Cc-INT) is placed in the Cr data segments.The sequence described in the standard is shown as Y′00, Y′01, Y′, etc.

FIG. 69 illustrates sample placements of six-primary system componentsfor a 4:2:0 sampling system image. This follows the substitutionsillustrated in FIG. 68, using a 4:2:0 sampling system.

FIG. 70 illustrates modifications to SMPTE ST2110-20 for a 10-bitsix-primary color system in 4:4:4 video. SMPTE ST2110-20 describes theconstruction of each “pgroup”. Normally, six-primary color system dataand/or content would arrive for mapping as non-linear. However, with thepresent system there is no restriction on mapping data and/or content.For 4:4:4, 10-bit video, 15 octets are used and cover 4 pixels beforerestarting the sequence. Non-linear, six-primary color system image datawould arrive as G′_(INT), B′_(INT), R′_(INT), M′_(INT), Y′_(INT), andC′_(INT). The sequence described in the standard is shown as R0′, G0′,B0′, R1′, G1′, B1′, etc.

FIG. 71 illustrates modifications to SMPTE ST2110-20 for a 12-bitsix-primary color system in 4:4:4 video. For 4:4:4, 12-bit video, 9octets are used and cover 2 pixels before restarting the sequence.Non-linear, six-primary color system image data would arrive asG′_(INT), B′_(INT), R′_(INT), M′_(INT), Y′_(INT), and C′_(INT). Thesequence described in the standard is shown as R0′, G0′, B0′, R1′, G1′,B1′, etc.

FIG. 72 illustrates modifications to SMPTE ST2110-20 for a 10-bit sixprimary color system in 4:2:2 video. Components that are delivered to aSMPTE ST2110 pgroup include, but are not limited to, E′_(Yrgb-INT),E′_(Ycym-INT), E′_(Cb-INT), E′_(Cr-INT), E′_(Cy-INT), and E′_(Cc-INT).For 4:2:2, 10-bit video, 5 octets are used and cover 2 pixels beforerestarting the sequence. For 4:2:2:2, 12-bit video, 6 octets are usedand cover 2 pixels before restarting the sequence. Componentsubstitution follows what is described for SMPTE ST292, whereE′_(Yrgb-INT) or E′_(Ycym-INT) are placed in the Y data segments,E′_(Cr-INT) or E′_(Cc-INT) are placed in the Cr data segments, andE′_(Cb-INT) or E′_(Cy-INT) are placed in the Cb data segments. Thesequence described in the standard is shown as Cb′0, Y′0, Cr′0, Y′1,Cb′1, Y′2, Cr′1, Y′3, Cb′2, Y′4, Cr′2, etc.

FIG. 73 illustrates modifications to SMPTE ST2110-20 for a 12-bitsix-primary color system in 4:2:0 video. Components that are deliveredto a SMPTE ST2110 pgroup are the same as with the 4:2:2 method. For4:2:0, 10-bit video, 15 octets are used and cover 8 pixels beforerestarting the sequence. For 4:2:0, 12-bit video, 9 octets are used andcover 4 pixels before restarting the sequence. Component substitutionfollows what is described for SMPTE ST292, where E′_(Yrgb-INT) orE′_(Ycym-INT) are placed in the Y data segments, E′_(Cr-INT) orE′_(Cc-INT) are placed in the Cr data segments, and E′_(Cb-INT) orE′_(Cy-INT) are placed in the Cb data segments. The sequence describedin the standard is shown as Y′00, Y′01, Y′, etc.

Table 27 summarizes mapping to SMPTE ST2110 for 4:2:2:2:2 and 4:2:0:2:0sampling for System 1 and Table 28 summaries mapping to SMPTE ST2110 for4:4:4:4:4:4 sampling (linear and non-linear) for System 1.

TABLE 27 Pgroup Sampling Bit Depth Octets Pixels Y PbPr Sample Order 6PSample Order 4:2:2:2:2 8 4 2 C_(B)', Y0', C_(R)', Y1' 10 5 2 C_(B)',Y0', C_(R)', Y1' C_(B)' + C_(Y)', Y0', C_(R)' + C_(C)', Y1' 12 6 2C_(B)', Y0', C_(R)', Y1' C_(B)' + C_(Y)', Y0', C_(R)' + C_(C)', Y1' 16,16f 8 2 C'_(B), Y'0, C'_(R), Y'1 C_(B)' + C_(Y)', Y0', C_(R)' + C_(C)',Y1' 4:2:0:2:0 8 6 4 Y'00, Y'01, Y'10, Y'11, C_(B)'00, C_(R)'00 10 15 8Y'00, Y'01, Y'10, Y'11, Y'00, Y'01, Y'10, Y'11, C_(B)'00 + C_(Y)'00,C_(B)'00, C_(R)'00 C_(R)'00 + C_(C)'00 Y'02, Y'03, Y'12, Y'13, Y'02,Y'03, Y'12, Y'13, C_(B)'01 + C_(Y)'01, C_(B)'01, C_(R)'01 C_(R)'01 +C_(C)'01 12 9 4 Y'00, Y'01, Y'10, Y'11, Y'00, Y'01, Y'10, Y'11,C_(B)'00 + C_(Y)'00, C_(B)'00, C_(R)'00 C_(R)'00 + C_(C)'00

TABLE 28 Bit pgroup Sampling Depth Octets pixels RGB Sample Order 6PSample Order 4:4:4:4:4:4 8 3 1 R, G, B Linear 10 15 4 R0, G0, B0, R1,G1, B1, R + C0, G + M0, B + Y0, R2, G2, B2 R + C1, G + M1, B + Y1, R +C2, G + M2, B + Y2 12 9 2 R0, G0, B0, R1, G1, B1 R + C0, G + M0, B + Y0,R + C1, G + M1, B + Y1 16, 16f 6 1 R, G, B R + C, G + M, B + Y4:4:4:4:4:4 8 3 1 R', G', B' Non- 10 15 4 R0', G0', B0', R1', G1', R' +C'0, G' + M'0, Linear B1', R2', G2', B2' B' + Y'0, R' + C'1, G' + M'1,B' + Y'1, R' + C'2, G' + M'2, B' + Y'2 12 9 2 R0', G0', B0', R1', G1',R' + C'0, G' + M'0, B1' B' + Y'0, R' + C'1, G' + M'1, B' + Y'1 16, 16f 61 R', G', B' R' + C', G' + M', B' + Y'

Table 29 summarizes mapping to SMPTE ST2110 for 4:2:2:2:2 sampling forSystem 2 and Table 30 summaries mapping to SMPTE ST2110 for 4:4:4:4:4:4sampling (linear and non-linear) for System 2.

TABLE 29 Bit pgroup Sampling Depth octets pixels Y PbPr Sample Order 6PSample Order 4:2:2:2:2 8 8 2 C_(B)', Y0', C_(R)', Y1' C_(B)', C_(Y)',Y_(BGB)0', C_(R)', C_(C)', Y_(CMY)0' C_(B)', C_(Y)', Y_(BGB)1' 10 10 2C_(B)', Y0', C_(R)', Y1' C_(B)', C_(Y)', Y_(BGB)0', C_(R)', C_(C)',Y_(CMY)0' C_(B)', C_(Y)', Y_(BGB)1' 12 12 2 C_(B)', Y0', C_(R)', Y1'C_(B)', C_(Y)', Y_(BGB)0', C_(R)', C_(C)', Y_(CMY)0' C_(B)', C_(Y)',Y_(BGB)1' 16, 16f 16 2 C'_(B), Y'0, C'_(R), Y'1 C_(B)', C_(Y)',Y_(BGB)0', C_(R)', C_(C)', Y_(CMY)0' C_(B)', C_(Y)', Y_(BGB)1'

TABLE 30 Bit pgroup Sampling Depth octets pixels RGB Sample Order 6PSample Order 4:4:4:4:4:4 8 3 1 R, G, B R, C, G, M, B, Y Linear 10 15 4R0, G0, B0, R1, G1, R0, C0, G0, M0, B0, Y0, R1, C1, G1, M1, B1, R2, G2,B2 B1, Y1, R2, C2, G2, M2, B2 + Y2 12 9 2 R0, G0, B0, R1, G1, R0, C0,G0, M0, B0, Y0, B1 R1, C1, G1, M1, B1, Y1 16, 16f 6 1 R, G, B R, C, G,M, B, Y 4:4:4:4:4:4 8 3 1 R', G', B' R', C', G', M', B', Y' Non-Linear10 15 4 R0', G0', B0', R1', R0', C0', G0', M0', B0', Y0', R1', C1', G1',B1', R2', G1', M1', B1', Y1', R2', C2', G2', B2' G2', M2', B2' + Y2' 129 2 R0', G0', B0', R1', R0', C0', G0', M0', B0', Y0', G1', B1' R1', C1',G1', M1', B1', Y1' 16, 16f 6 1 R', G', B' R', C', G', M', B', Y'

Session Description Protocol (Sdp) Modification for a Six-Primary ColorSystem

SDP is derived from IETF RFC 4566 which sets parameters including, butnot limited to, bit depth and sampling parameters. In one embodiment,SDP parameters are contained within the RTP payload. In anotherembodiment, SDP parameters are contained within the media format andtransport protocol. This payload information is transmitted as text.Therefore, modifications for the additional sampling identifiersrequires the addition of new parameters for the sampling statement. SDPparameters include, but are not limited to, color channel data, imagedata, framerate data, a sampling standard, a flag indicator, an activepicture size code, a timestamp, a clock frequency, a frame count, ascrambling indicator, and/or a video format indicator. For non-constantluminance imaging, the additional parameters include, but are notlimited to, RGBCYM-4:4:4, YBRCY-4:2:2, and YBRCY-4:2:0. For constantluminance signals, the additional parameters include, but are notlimited to, CLYBRCY-4:2:2 and CLYBRCY-4:2:0.

Additionally, differentiation is included with the colorimetryidentifier in one embodiment. For example, 6PB1 defines 6P with a colorgamut limited to ITU-R BT.709 formatted as System 1, 6PB2 defines 6Pwith a color gamut limited to ITU-R BT.709 formatted as System 2, 6PB3defines 6P with a color gamut limited to ITU-R BT.709 formatted asSystem 3, 6PC1 defines 6P with a color gamut limited to SMPTE RP 431-2formatted as System 1, 6PC2 defines 6P with a color gamut limited toSMPTE RP 431-2 formatted as System 2, 6PC3 defines 6P with a color gamutlimited to SMPTE RP 431-2 formatted as System 3, 6PS1 defines 6P with acolor gamut as Super 6P formatted as System 1, 6PS2 defines 6P with acolor gamut as Super 6P formatted as System 2, and 6PS3 defines 6P witha color gamut as Super 6P formatted as System 3.

Colorimetry can also be defined between a six-primary color system usingthe ITU-R BT.709-6 standard and the SMPTE ST431-2 standard, orcolorimetry can be left defined as is standard for the desired standard.For example, the SDP parameters for a 1920×1080 six-primary color systemusing the ITU-R BT.709-6 standard with a 10-bit signal as System 1 areas follows: m=video 30000 RTP/AVP 112, a=rtpmap:112 raw/90000,a=fmtp:112, sampling=YBRCY-4:2:2, width=1920, height=1080,exactframerate=30000/1001, depth=10, TCS=SDR, colorimetry=6PB1,PM=2110GPM, SSN=ST2110-20:2017.

In one embodiment, the six-primary color system is integrated with aConsumer Technology Association (CTA) 861-based system. CTA-861establishes protocols, requirements, and recommendations for theutilization of uncompressed digital interfaces by consumer electronicsdevices including, but not limited to, digital televisions (DTVs),digital cable, satellite or terrestrial set-top boxes (STBs), andrelated peripheral devices including, but not limited to, DVD playersand/or recorders, and other related Sources or Sinks.

These systems are provided as parallel systems so that video content isparsed across several line pairs. This enables each video component tohave its own transition-minimized differential signaling (TMDS) path.TMDS is a technology for transmitting high-speed serial data and is usedby the Digital Visual Interface (DVI) and High-Definition MultimediaInterface (HDMI) video interfaces, as well as other digitalcommunication interfaces. TMDS is similar to low-voltage differentialsignaling (LVDS) in that it uses differential signaling to reduceelectromagnetic interference (EMI), enabling faster signal transferswith increased accuracy. In addition, TMDS uses a twisted pair for noisereduction, rather than a coaxial cable that is conventional for carryingvideo signals. Similar to LVDS, data is transmitted serially over thedata link. When transmitting video data, and using HDMI, three TMDStwisted pairs are used to transfer video data.

In such a system, each pixel packet is limited to 8 bits only. For bitdepths higher than 8 bits, fragmented packs are used. This arrangementis no different than is already described in the current CTA-861standard.

Based on CTA extension Version 3, identification of a six-primary colortransmission would be performed by the sink device (e.g., the monitor).Adding recognition of the additional formats would be flagged in the CTAData Block Extended Tag Codes (byte 3). Since codes 33 and above arereserved, any two bits could be used to identify that the format is RGB,RGBCYM, Y Cb Cr, or Y Cb Cr Cc Cy and/or identify System 1 or System 2.Should byte 3 define a six-primary sampling format, and where the block5 extension identifies byte 1 as ITU-R BT.709, then logic assigns as6P-B. However, should byte 4 bit 7 identify colorimetry as DCI-P3, thecolor gamut would be assigned as 6P-C.

In one embodiment, the system alters the AVI Infoframe Data to identifycontent. AVI Infoframe Data is shown in Table 10 of CTA 861-G. In oneembodiment, Y2=1, Y1=0, and Y0=0 identifies content as 6P 4:2:0:2:0. Inanother embodiment, Y2=1, Y1=0, and Y0=1 identifies content as Y Cr CbCc Cy. In yet another embodiment, Y2=1, Y1=1, and Y0=0 identifiescontent as RGBCMY.

Byte 2 C1=1, C0=1 identifies extended colorimetry in Table 11 of CTA861-G. Byte 3 EC2, EC1, EC0 identifies additional colorimetry extensionvalid in Table 13 of CTA 861-G. Table 14 of CTA 861-G reservesadditional extensions. In one embodiment, ACE3=1, ACE2=0, ACE1=0, andACE0=X identifies 6P-B. In one embodiment, ACE3=0, ACE2=1, ACE1=0, andACE0=X identifies 6P-C. In one embodiment, ACE3=0, ACE2=0, ACE1=1, andACE0=X identifies System 1. In one embodiment, ACE3=1, ACE2=1, ACE1=0,and ACE0=X identifies System 2.

FIG. 74 illustrates the current RGB sampling structure for 4:4:4sampling video data transmission. For HDMI 4:4:4 sampling, video data issent through three TMDS line pairs. FIG. 75 illustrates a six-primarycolor sampling structure, RGBCYM, using System 1 for 4:4:4 samplingvideo data transmission. In one embodiment, the six-primary colorsampling structure complies with CTA 861-G, November 2016, ConsumerTechnology Association, which is incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety. FIG. 76 illustrates an example of System 2 to RGBCYM 4:4:4transmission. FIG. 77 illustrates current Y Cb Cr 4:2:2 samplingtransmission as non-constant luminance. FIG. 78 illustrates asix-primary color system (System 1) using Y Cr Cb Cc Cy 4:2:2 samplingtransmission as non-constant luminance. FIG. 79 illustrates an exampleof a System 2 to Y Cr Cb Cc Cy 4:2:2 Transmission as non-constantluminance. In one embodiment, the Y Cr Cb Cc Cy 4:2:2 samplingtransmission complies with CTA 861-G, November 2016, Consumer TechnologyAssociation. FIG. 80 illustrates current Y Cb Cr 4:2:0 samplingtransmission. FIG. 81 illustrates a six-primary color system (System 1)using Y Cr Cb Cc Cy 4:2:0 sampling transmission.

HDMI sampling systems include Extended Display Identification Data(EDID) metadata. EDID metadata describes the capabilities of a displaydevice to a video source. The data format is defined by a standardpublished by the Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA). TheEDID data structure includes, but is not limited to, manufacturer nameand serial number, product type, phosphor or filter type, timingssupported by the display, display size, luminance data, and/or pixelmapping data. The EDID data structure is modifiable and modificationrequires no additional hardware and/or tools.

EDID information is transmitted between the source device and thedisplay through a display data channel (DDC), which is a collection ofdigital communication protocols created by VESA. With EDID providing thedisplay information and DDC providing the link between the display andthe source, the two accompanying standards enable an informationexchange between the display and source.

In addition, VESA has assigned extensions for EDID. Such extensionsinclude, but are not limited to, timing extensions (00), additional timedata black (CEA EDID Timing Extension (02)), video timing blockextensions (VTB-EXT (10)), EDID 2.0 extension (20), display informationextension (DI-EXT (40)), localized string extension (LS-EXT (50)),microdisplay interface extension (MI-EXT (60)), display ID extension(70), display transfer characteristics data block (DTCDB (A7, AF, BF)),block map (FO), display device data block (DDDB (FF)), and/or extensiondefined by monitor manufacturer (FF).

In one embodiment, SDP parameters include data corresponding to apayload identification (ID) and/or EDID information.

Multi-Primary Color System Display

FIG. 82 illustrates a dual stack LCD projection system for a six-primarycolor system. In one embodiment, the display is comprised of a dualstack of projectors. This display uses two projectors stacked on top ofone another or placed side by side. Each projector is similar, with theonly difference being the color filters in each unit. Refresh and pixeltimings are synchronized, enabling a mechanical alignment between thetwo units so that each pixel overlays the same position betweenprojector units. In one embodiment, the two projectors areLiquid-Crystal Display (LCD) projectors. In another embodiment, the twoprojectors are Digital Light Processing (DLP) projectors. In yet anotherembodiment, the two projectors are Liquid-Crystal on Silicon (LCOS)projectors. In yet another embodiment, the two projectors areLight-Emitting Diode (LED) projectors.

In one embodiment, the display is comprised of a single projector. Asingle projector six-primary color system requires the addition of asecond cross block assembly for the additional colors. One embodiment ofa single projector (e.g., single LCD projector) is shown in FIG. 83. Asingle projector six-primary color system includes a cyan dichroicmirror, an orange dichroic mirror, a blue dichroic mirror, a reddichroic mirror, and two additional standard mirrors. In one embodiment,the single projector six-primary color system includes at least sixmirrors. In another embodiment, the single projector six-primary colorsystem includes at least two cross block assembly units.

FIG. 84 illustrates a six-primary color system using a single projectorand reciprocal mirrors. In one embodiment, the display is comprised of asingle projector unit working in combination with at first set of atleast six reciprocal mirrors, a second set of at least six reciprocalmirrors, and at least six LCD units. Light from at least one lightsource emits towards the first set of at least six reciprocal mirrors.The first set of at least six reciprocal mirrors reflects light towardsat least one of the at least six LCD units. The at least six LCD unitsinclude, but are not limited to, a Green LCD, a Yellow LCD, a Cyan, LCD,a Red LCD, a Magenta LCD, and/or a Blue LCD. Output from each of the atleast six LCDs is received by the second set of at least six reciprocalmirrors. Output from the second set of at least six reciprocal mirrorsis sent to the single projector unit. Image data output by the singleprojector unit is output as a six-primary color system. In anotherembodiment, there are more than two sets of reciprocal mirrors. Inanother embodiment, more than one projector is used.

In another embodiment, the display is comprised of a dual stack DigitalMicromirror Device (DMD) projector system. FIG. 85 illustrates oneembodiment of a dual stack DMD projector system. In this system, twoprojectors are stacked on top of one another. In one embodiment, thedual stack DMD projector system uses a spinning wheel filter. In anotherembodiment, the dual stack DMD projector system uses phosphortechnology. In one embodiment, the filter systems are illuminated by axenon lamp. In another embodiment, the filter system uses a blue laserilluminator system. Filter systems in one projector are RGB, while thesecond projector uses a CYM filter set. The wheels for each projectorunit are synchronized using at least one of an input video sync or aprojector to projector sync, and timed so that the inverted colors areoutput of each projector at the same time.

In one embodiment, the projectors are phosphor wheel systems. A yellowphosphor wheel spins in time with a DMD imager to output sequential RG.The second projector is designed the same, but uses a cyan phosphorwheel. The output from this projector becomes sequential BG. Combined,the output of both projectors is YRGGCB. Magenta is developed bysynchronizing the yellow and cyan wheels to overlap the flashing DMD.

In another embodiment, the display is a single DMD projector solution. Asingle DMD device is coupled with an RGB diode light source system. Inone embodiment, the DMD projector uses LED diodes. In one embodiment,the DMD projector includes CYM diodes. In another embodiment, the DMDprojector creates CYM primaries using a double flashing technique. FIG.86 illustrates one embodiment of a single DMD projector solution.

FIG. 87 illustrates one embodiment of a six-primary color system using awhite OLED display. In yet another embodiment, the display is a whiteOLED monitor. Current emissive monitor and/or television designs use awhite emissive OLED array covered by a color filter. Changes to thistype of display only require a change to pixel indexing and new sixcolor primary filters. Different color filter arrays are used, placingeach subpixel in a position that provides the least light restrictions,color accuracy, and off axis display.

FIG. 88 illustrates one embodiment of an optical filter array for awhite OLED display.

FIG. 89 illustrates one embodiment of a matrix of an LCD drive for asix-primary color system with a backlight illuminated LCD monitor. Inyet another embodiment, the display is a backlight illuminated LCDdisplay. The design of an LCD display involves adding the CYM subpixels.Drives for these subpixels are similar to the RGB matrix drives. Withthe advent of 8K LCD televisions, it is technically feasible to changethe matrix drive and optical filter and have a 4K six-primary color TV.

FIG. 90 illustrates one embodiment of an optical filter array for asix-primary color system with a backlight illuminated LCD monitor. Theoptical filter array includes the additional CYM subpixels.

In yet another embodiment, the display is a direct emissive assembleddisplay. The design for a direct emissive assembled display includes amatrix of color emitters grouped as a six-color system. Individualchannel inputs drive each Quantum Dot (QD) element illuminator and/ormicro LED element.

FIG. 91 illustrates an array for a Quantum Dot (QD) display device.

FIG. 92 illustrates one embodiment of an array for a six-primary colorsystem for use with a direct emissive assembled display.

FIG. 93 illustrates one embodiment of a six-primary color system in anemissive display that does not incorporate color filtered subpixels. ForLCD and WOLED displays, this can be modified for a six-primary colorsystem by expanding the RGB or WRGB filter arrangement to an RGBCYMmatrix. For WRGB systems, the white subpixel could be removed as theluminance of the three additional primaries will replace it. SDI videois input through an SDI decoder. In one embodiment, the SDI decoderoutputs to a Y CrCbCcCy-RGBCYM converter. The converter outputs RGBCYMdata, with the luminance component (Y) subtracted. RGBCYM data is thenconverted to RGB data. This RGB data is sent to a scale sync generationcomponent, receives adjustments to image controls, contrast, brightness,chroma, and saturation, is sent to a color correction component, andoutput to the display panel as LVDS data. In another embodiment the SDIdecoder outputs to an SDI Y-R switch component. The SDI Y-R switchcomponent outputs RGBCYM data. The RGBCYM data is sent to a scale syncgeneration component, receives adjustments to image controls, contrast,brightness, chroma, and saturation, is sent to a color correctioncomponent, and output to a display panel as LVDS data.

FIG. 97 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of the inventionillustrating a computer system, generally described as 800, having anetwork 810, a plurality of computing devices 820, 830, 840, a server850, and a database 870.

The server 850 is constructed, configured, and coupled to enablecommunication over a network 810 with a plurality of computing devices820, 830, 840. The server 850 includes a processing unit 851 with anoperating system 852. The operating system 852 enables the server 850 tocommunicate through network 810 with the remote, distributed userdevices. Database 870 may house an operating system 872, memory 874, andprograms 876.

In one embodiment of the invention, the system 800 includes a network810 for distributed communication via a wireless communication antenna812 and processing by at least one mobile communication computing device830. Alternatively, wireless and wired communication and connectivitybetween devices and components described herein include wireless networkcommunication such as WI-FI, WORLDWIDE INTEROPERABILITY FOR MICROWAVEACCESS (WIMAX), Radio Frequency (RF) communication including RFidentification (RFID), NEAR FIELD COMMUNICATION (NFC), BLUETOOTHincluding BLUETOOTH LOW ENERGY (BLE), ZIGBEE, Infrared (IR)communication, cellular communication, satellite communication,Universal Serial Bus (USB), Ethernet communications, communication viafiber-optic cables, coaxial cables, twisted pair cables, and/or anyother type of wireless or wired communication. In another embodiment ofthe invention, the system 800 is a virtualized computing system capableof executing any or all aspects of software and/or applicationcomponents presented herein on the computing devices 820, 830, 840. Incertain aspects, the computer system 800 may be implemented usinghardware or a combination of software and hardware, either in adedicated computing device, or integrated into another entity, ordistributed across multiple entities or computing devices.

By way of example, and not limitation, the computing devices 820, 830,840 are intended to represent various forms of electronic devicesincluding at least a processor and a memory, such as a server, bladeserver, mainframe, mobile phone, personal digital assistant (PDA),smartphone, desktop computer, notebook computer, tablet computer,workstation, laptop, and other similar computing devices. The componentsshown here, their connections and relationships, and their functions,are meant to be exemplary only, and are not meant to limitimplementations of the invention described and/or claimed in the presentapplication.

In one embodiment, the computing device 820 includes components such asa processor 860, a system memory 862 having a random access memory (RAM)864 and a read-only memory (ROM) 866, and a system bus 868 that couplesthe memory 862 to the processor 860. In another embodiment, thecomputing device 830 may additionally include components such as astorage device 890 for storing the operating system 892 and one or moreapplication programs 894, a network interface unit 896, and/or aninput/output controller 898. Each of the components may be coupled toeach other through at least one bus 868. The input/output controller 898may receive and process input from, or provide output to, a number ofother devices 899, including, but not limited to, alphanumeric inputdevices, mice, electronic styluses, display units, touch screens, signalgeneration devices (e.g., speakers), or printers.

By way of example, and not limitation, the processor 860 may be ageneral-purpose microprocessor (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU)),a graphics processing unit (GPU), a microcontroller, a Digital SignalProcessor (DSP), an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), aField Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), a Programmable Logic Device (PLD),a controller, a state machine, gated or transistor logic, discretehardware components, or any other suitable entity or combinationsthereof that can perform calculations, process instructions forexecution, and/or other manipulations of information.

In another implementation, shown as 840 in FIG. 97 multiple processors860 and/or multiple buses 868 may be used, as appropriate, along withmultiple memories 862 of multiple types (e.g., a combination of a DSPand a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or moremicroprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core).

Also, multiple computing devices may be connected, with each deviceproviding portions of the necessary operations (e.g., a server bank, agroup of blade servers, or a multi-processor system). Alternatively,some steps or methods may be performed by circuitry that is specific toa given function.

According to various embodiments, the computer system 800 may operate ina networked environment using logical connections to local and/or remotecomputing devices 820, 830, 840 through a network 810. A computingdevice 830 may connect to a network 810 through a network interface unit896 connected to a bus 868. Computing devices may communicatecommunication media through wired networks, direct-wired connections orwirelessly, such as acoustic, RF, or infrared, through an antenna 897 incommunication with the network antenna 812 and the network interfaceunit 896, which may include digital signal processing circuitry whennecessary. The network interface unit 896 may provide for communicationsunder various modes or protocols.

In one or more exemplary aspects, the instructions may be implemented inhardware, software, firmware, or any combinations thereof. A computerreadable medium may provide volatile or non-volatile storage for one ormore sets of instructions, such as operating systems, data structures,program modules, applications, or other data embodying any one or moreof the methodologies or functions described herein. The computerreadable medium may include the memory 862, the processor 860, and/orthe storage media 890 and may be a single medium or multiple media(e.g., a centralized or distributed computer system) that store the oneor more sets of instructions 900. Non-transitory computer readable mediaincludes all computer readable media, with the sole exception being atransitory, propagating signal per se. The instructions 900 may furtherbe transmitted or received over the network 810 via the networkinterface unit 896 as communication media, which may include a modulateddata signal such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism andincludes any deliver media. The term “modulated data signal” means asignal that has one or more of its characteristics changed or set in amanner as to encode information in the signal.

Storage devices 890 and memory 862 include, but are not limited to,volatile and non-volatile media such as cache, RAM, ROM, EPROM, EEPROM,FLASH memory, or other solid state memory technology, discs (e.g.,digital versatile discs (DVD), HD-DVD, BLU-RAY, compact disc (CD), orCD-ROM) or other optical storage; magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape,magnetic disk storage, floppy disks, or other magnetic storage devices;or any other medium that can be used to store the computer readableinstructions and which can be accessed by the computer system 800.

In one embodiment, the computer system 800 is within a cloud-basednetwork. In one embodiment, the server 850 is a designated physicalserver for distributed computing devices 820, 830, and 840. In oneembodiment, the server 850 is a cloud-based server platform. In oneembodiment, the cloud-based server platform hosts serverless functionsfor distributed computing devices 820, 830, and 840.

In another embodiment, the computer system 800 is within an edgecomputing network. The server 850 is an edge server, and the database870 is an edge database. The edge server 850 and the edge database 870are part of an edge computing platform. In one embodiment, the edgeserver 850 and the edge database 870 are designated to distributedcomputing devices 820, 830, and 840. In one embodiment, the edge server850 and the edge database 870 are not designated for computing devices820, 830, and 840. The distributed computing devices 820, 830, and 840are connected to an edge server in the edge computing network based onproximity, availability, latency, bandwidth, and/or other factors.

It is also contemplated that the computer system 800 may not include allof the components shown in FIG. 97 may include other components that arenot explicitly shown in FIG. 97 or may utilize an architecturecompletely different than that shown in FIG. 97. The variousillustrative logical blocks, modules, elements, circuits, and algorithmsdescribed in connection with the embodiments discussed herein may beimplemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinationsof both. To clearly illustrate the interchangeability of hardware andsoftware, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits,and steps have been described above generally in terms of theirfunctionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware orsoftware depends upon the particular application and design constraintsimposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement thedescribed functionality in varying ways for each particular application(e.g., arranged in a different order or positioned in a different way),but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing adeparture from the scope of the present invention.

The above-mentioned examples are provided to serve the purpose ofclarifying the aspects of the invention, and it will be apparent to oneskilled in the art that they do not serve to limit the scope of theinvention. By nature, this invention is highly adjustable, customizableand adaptable. The above-mentioned examples are just some of the manyconfigurations that the mentioned components can take on. Allmodifications and improvements have been deleted herein for the sake ofconciseness and readability but are properly within the scope of thepresent invention.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A system for converting a primary colorsystem for display, comprising: a set of image data; an image dataconverter; and a set of saturation data corresponding to the set of theimage data, wherein the saturation data is used to extend a set of hueangles for the set of image data; wherein the set of image data includesprimary color data for at least four primary color values, wherein theat least four primary color values include a cyan primary; and whereinthe image data converter is operable to convert the set of image datafor display on at least one display device.
 2. The system of claim 1,wherein the at least four primary color values include at least onewhite primary corresponding to at least one white emitter.
 3. The systemof claim 2, wherein the at least one white primary includes a firstwhite primary corresponding to a first white emitter and a second whiteprimary corresponding to a second white emitter, wherein the first whiteemitter and the second white emitter have different color temperaturevalues.
 4. The system of claim 2, wherein the at least one white emitteris selected from a group consisting of a D65 white emitter, a D60 whiteemitter, a D45 white emitter, a D27 white emitter, and a D25 whiteemitter.
 5. The system of claim 2, wherein the at least one whiteemitter includes a mid-Kelvin white emitter and/or at least onebroadband white emitter.
 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the at leastfour primary color values further include a red primary, a greenprimary, and a blue primary.
 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the atleast four primary color values further include a red primary, a firstgreen primary, a second green primary, and a blue primary, wherein thefirst green primary and the second green primary have differentchromaticity values.
 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least fourprimary color values further include a red primary, a yellow primary, agreen primary, and a blue primary.
 9. The system of claim 1, wherein theat least four primary color values further include a red primary, agreen primary, a blue primary, a magenta primary, and a yellow primary.10. The system of claim 1, further including at least one electronicluminance component, wherein the at least electronic luminance componentis not calculated within the at least one display device.
 11. The systemof claim 1, wherein the image data converter includes a digitalinterface, wherein the digital interface encodes and decodes the set ofimage data using at least one color difference component, and whereinthe at least one color difference component is operable for up-samplingand/or down-sampling.
 12. The system of claim 1, wherein the at leastfour primary color values include a magenta primary, wherein the magentaprimary is derived from the set of image data, and wherein the magentaprimary value is not defined as a wavelength.
 13. The system of claim 1,wherein the at least four primary color values include a first redprimary, a second red primary, a first green primary, a second greenprimary, a first blue primary, and a second blue primary.
 14. The systemof claim 13, wherein the first red primary, the first green primary, andthe first blue primary are narrow band primaries, and wherein the secondred primary, the second green primary, and the second blue primary arewide band primaries.
 15. The system of claim 1, wherein the cyan primaryis positioned to limit maximum saturation.
 16. The system of claim 1,wherein the cyan primary is positioned by expanding the set of hueangles.
 17. A system for converting a primary color system for display,comprising: a set of image data; an image data converter, wherein theimage data converter includes a digital interface, wherein the digitalinterface is operable to encode and decode the set of image data; and aset of saturation data corresponding to the set of the image data,wherein the saturation data is used to extend a set of hue angles forthe set of image data; wherein the set of image data includes primarycolor data for at least four primary color values, wherein the at leastfour primary color values include a cyan primary; wherein the cyanprimary is positioned to limit maximum saturation; and wherein the imagedata converter is operable to convert the set of image data for displayon at least one display device.
 18. A system for converting a primarycolor system for display, comprising: a set of image data; an image dataconverter; a set of saturation data corresponding to the set of theimage data, wherein the saturation data is used to extend a set of hueangles for the set of image data; and a set of Session DescriptionProtocol (SDP) parameters; wherein the set of image data furtherincludes primary color data for at least four primary color values,wherein the at least four primary color values include a cyan primaryand at least one white primary corresponding to at least one whiteemitter; wherein the image data converter is operable to convert the setof image data for display on at least one display device.
 19. The systemof claim 18, wherein the at least one white emitter includes at leastone broadband white emitter.
 20. The system of claim 18, wherein the atleast one white emitter includes a mid-Kelvin white emitter, wherein themid-Kelvin white emitter is modified to include a green bias.